Changing Demographics Essay

New demographic changes, economic globalization, high levels of workforce automation, and pressing health and security issues are intertwined instruments that seem to be changing the global polity. A high level of immigration into countries with a relatively stable economy has tremendous impacts on every facet of the host community. America has thus gradually become much more diverse and multiethnic than it was in past decades. The impacts of changing demographics also affect the education sector. In most American elementary schools, there have been tremendous changes from what was the usual status quo many decades ago. Changing demographics in elementary schools can have both many positive and many negative effects. The positive effects are desired, cherished and encouraged while the negative ones are regrettably unfortunate and measures should be put in place to reduce their severity. With the increasingly multi ethnic nature of elementary schools, the students are able to mingle with students from entirely different backgrounds and ethnic affiliations. This has the advantage of allowing intercultural interactions among students of various ethnic backgrounds. Difficult actions like the acquisition of foreign languages and cuisine are easily achieved. There are also many reasons to redesign our elementary schools so that they are more international in character. Part of the redesign process is focused on making it easier for foreign students to be fully integrated into the communities surrounding the schools. Since elementary schools currently have services that reaching far beyond their immediate geographical locality, many types of support services are being put together to help international students. The management and the faculty of many elementary schools are being forced to revise their curriculums with the aims of internationalizing them. This include the introduction of new foreign languages into the curriculum. It is now becoming very popular to see elementary schools teach Chinese and Arabic along with the more traditional French and Spanish. The curriculums that are inspired by changing demographics are set to make the students become more successful global citizens with adequate information about the world, its people and their traditions. The elementary school teaching profession should become more adept at teaching students of different backgrounds. This will involve professionalism and updated skills on the part of the teachers. Thus, teachers are being forced to go for re-training to be able to meet up with the millennial challenge of teaching elementary students. This is a good omen for the teachers and the schools in general because it could be totally absurd to use ancient teaching methods meant for Alaska born and based students in a class with mixed ethnicity. Due to the NCLB Act, the local educational bodies are now compelled to raise the standards of education in the various elementary schools to meet up with expectations of the parents that are bringing their children to the school. Some ethnic groups are considered to be protected minorities, and a school could face sanctions if it fails to achieve adequate performance among these groups. Studies have shown that quest for quality education is one of the driving forces in global migration. Most of the schools are now raising their standards to complete for the enrollment of students in the schools. The improved standard of education is also making it possible for investments in elementary education to be lucrative. With more foreign students admitted, more funds are being generated. This however, is a disadvantage on the side of the students both local residents and foreign that involved often have to pay exorbitant fees for the education. Like the wind, changing demographics blow students about. Sometimes exceptionally brilliant students are coughed in the wind. If blown to the right school, the skills, talents and abilities of such students could be discovered, polished and utilized to the fullest potential. Some skills are priceless in terms of the prestige that is bestowed on the students, the school and the society. A lot has been said in the positive ways that demographic changes have affected and are currently affecting elementary schools. It would be worthy be also note the problems that changing demographics can bring to the elementary schools. According to recent studies, a high influx of foreign students into elementary schools has caused an increase in the rate of ethnic intolerance. This is also evident in middle and high schools. More children are having divided feelings about belonging to the school over time. It is common to see students in their own ethnic groups rather than as a class. They tend to associate only with students for same background while these that are not are liberated and ostracized. The usual tradition of referring to the schools as a community may seem to have been long lost. The variable changes in the education system have greatly increased the worries of some students about their academic performance. Average students may be seen struggling to be in tune with the rhythm. This may be occurring because of the limitations of language barrier and totally different education methods that may lead to problems for them in class. An intense cloud of insecurity also seems to have enveloped the schools. Students of a particular background may feel threatened by students of other backgrounds. Children from Arabic backgrounds may be seen as potential terrorists. There is also a fear students being infected by an unknown disease that was carried by foreign students. In some countries of the world, most citizens are carriers of some types of parasites and possibly strange diseases or diseases such as tuberculosis. When children from that type of background mix with students with whom they don’t share close ties with, there is the possibility of them spreading communicable diseases. Competition for the limited available space in the elementary schools which are near by s is also creating problems when more students apply to schools, and various measures are employed to cut down the size. These can include exorbitant fees and overstressing the available academic resources. Being social with other people is the desire of must individuals. While having people thought of as strangers in one’s territory may bring suspicions, alienation should never be an option. Children at a delicate stage in their life deserve to be brought up in a loving and severe community and the elementary schools should not be expected to be failing in the provision of these. When the influx of immigrants seems to be going at a rate of is alarming, adjustment may be very difficult. The education system is expected to maintain standardized curriculums and it is expected to create a proper community that could facilitate qualitative education. Students in elementary schools deserve to be well educated and their satisfaction should not be taken for granted at the expense of anybody; everybody should be satisfied. Proper legislation should be put in place to check migration and adequate protection should be given so that elementary schools will not be caught unaware when bad wind blows!

Distinctively Visual †Henry Lawson Essay

Henry Lawson’s Short Stories Q1 Describe one significant image from one of Henry Lawson’s Short stories. One significant image from ‘The Loaded Dog’ is the creation of the ‘formidable bomb’ that Andy constructs ‘to blow the fish up’. Lawson gives us a detailed description of the making of the cartridge. He uses adjectives, adverbs and exaggeration, to emphasis the danger it represents –‘three times the size of those they use in the rock’ and ‘big enough to blow the bottom out of the river’. His long-winded description of the construction process also builds suspense- ‘The inner skin was of stout calico. Andy stuck the end of a six foot fuse†¦ bound the bag firmly†¦ dipped the cartridge in melted bees wax†¦ bound a strip of sail canvas†¦ bound the thing with from end to end with stout fishing line’. This builds up suspense and by the end we are certain of the danger that this bomb represents. The descri ptive nature of this passage also builds on characterisation. Dave ‘got an idea’, ‘Andy usually put Dave’s theories into practice’ and Jim sat on the sidelines critiquing both of the above. The idea of mate ship between the key characters is also developed ‘a formidable bomb – but Andy and Dave wanted to be sure’. The detailed description of the materials used and the process of making the bomb, adds credibility and gives the reader a sense of the skills of the miners and an insight into their craft. By the time Lawson is finished we can ‘see’ this cartridge and understand its potential for harm. When Tommy takes the lit cartridge in his mouth we have a heightened understanding of the gravity of the situation and find ourselves on the edge of our seats. Q2 Examine how the relationship between context and text shapes meaning in one of Henry Lawson’s short stories. Text Summary: ‘The Drovers Wife’ is a short story by Henry Lawson about a woman who is left alone in the harsh Australian bush to look after the house and children while her husband is away sheep droving. The main complication the snake in the huts floor slab which threatens her families safety. The Context: * The Times: in the late 1800’s most Australians lived in the cities but the harsh reality of the Australian bush had captured their imagination  perhaps due to its’ contrast with British landscapes and life. * Literary History; Lawson was the first Australian born writers to document an unromantic view of the Australian bush and its uniquely Australian culture. As such, his writing represented a challenge to those like banjo Patterson who presented a romantic (unrealistic) view of the bush. * Audience; The drovers wife was published in 1892 in ‘The Bulletin’ which was known as the ‘Bushman’s Bible’ and Lawson’s presentation of the harsh realities of life in the Australian bush appealed to the white male dominated readership. * Lawson’s Life; Lawson was brought up on a poor selection himself and understood the realities of his subjects lives. He lived with his mother after her separation with her father and this perhaps g ives him special insight when writing the Drovers Wife. * Cultural Themes: which dominate 19th century bush life and evident in Lawson’s, ‘The Drovers Wife’ include; hardship/resilience, loneliness and isolation, loss and acceptance. How the Text interacts with Context to Add Meaning Text Style; ‘The Drovers Wife’ is written in the style of a ‘sketch- story’. The writer provides a picture in words by focusing on charecterisation and setting rather than plot. In Lawson’s words, ‘†I thought the short story was a lazy man’s game, second to ‘free’ verse, compared with the sketch. The sketch, to be really good, must be good in every line. But the sketch-story is best of all.† The sketch-story style is serious and uses powerful observations of the life of the drover’s wife for its own sake. Both the original and current reader observe with sadness and respect as Lawson’s ‘painting’ of her tragic and courageous life develops. Q3 Critically analyse the relationship between language forms and features, and meaning, in TWO of Henry Lawson’s short Stories. The Drovers Wife:-   1 Title; Lawson leaves ‘The Drover’s Wife’ unnamed and in doing so helps her stand for all women in her position. 2 Setting; the use of accumulation (continuous information) in portraying the ‘shanty’/lean-to house and describing ‘the bush all around’ with the repetition of ‘no’ e.g.; â€Å"no horizon†, â€Å"no ranges† and â€Å"no undergrowth† in describing the landscape, establishes the harsh backdrop to the family’s existence. The personification of the ‘sighing’ ‘she oaks’ tells us that even the bush  struggles to survive. The setting is painted in more detail in the context of the Sunday walk, ‘you might walk for twenty miles†¦. Without being able to fix a point in your mind, unless you are a bushm an. This is because of ‘the everlasting, maddening sameness of the stunted trees – that monotony which makes a man long to break away’. The landscape Lawson paints is far from attractive. In fact, if we find ourselves in it we will want to ‘sail as far as ships can sail and further.’ This is in stark contrast to how stories by authors such as Bango Patterson using a romanticised style portrayed the bush. 3 Background ; Lawson matter-of-fact statement that â€Å"the drover, an ex-squatter, is away with sheep. His wife and children are left here alone.’ emphasises the unavoidable isolation of the wife and children. We are told later the drought of 1818 â€Å"ruined him’, ‘he had to sacrifice the remnant of his flock and go droving again’. The drover is depicted as ‘a good enough husband’ –who treated her like a ‘princess’ before he fell on hard times. This communicates to the reader the unav oidable loss that the bush has inflicted on the drover and his family. 4 The Plot; The limited plot of this sketch / story revolves around ‘the snake!’ which is introduced with the use of exclamation ‘ look mother, here’s a snake!’ Action verbs in short sentences of dialogue; ‘snatches her baby’ and ‘yells at the boy’ all give us a sense of urgency. The snake ‘disappears’ under the timber slab floor, ‘near sunset and a thunderstorm is coming’. The ‘house’ is off limits as ‘the snake †¦.may at any moment come up through cracks in the rough slab floor’. The children are to be protected and are introduced matter of factly, ‘there are two boys and two girls’ are fed and put to be on the kitchen table which ‘sits down beside to watch all night’. The battle lines are drawn and her weapons are a ‘green sapling cub’ and ‘she has brought the dog into the room’. The plot slows to a stop with only snippets of information between long ‘sketches’ of background and characterisation (the main event). ‘Near midnight’ ‘whenever she hears a noise she reaches for the stick’,. ‘Near one or two o’clock Alligator lies†¦and watches the wall.’ ‘It must be near daylight.â€℠¢ ‘Alligator still watches the wall’ nothing has happened plot wise between sunset and daybreak but now he becomes ‘greatly interested’ and urgency returns. Short sentences with repeated action verbs ‘snaps’, ‘pulls’ and the repetition of ‘thud’ help us to see and hear the battle. The resolution of the plot is portrayed as a win of good over evil  by the use of the Biblical reference ‘he shakes the snake as though he felt the original curse in common with mankind.’ The plot concludes as the Drovers Wife ‘watches the snake burn’. However the final few sentences are reserved to conclude the main game of this story, the characterisation of the drovers wife. 5 Characterisation; If the plot is the framework of the drovers wife, characterisation is the house that is built around it. (i) Omniscient Third Party Narrator; We feel for the characters in their struggle with themselves when Lawson as the omniscient narrator shifts us back in time to key moments in there past, ‘As a girl she built the usual castles in the air; but all her girlish hopes an aspirations have long been dead.’ Yet she doesn’t completely abandon her femininity as symbolised by the ‘Young ladies Journal’. Later Lawson emphasises her struggle to remain civilised with a powerful background image, of her Sunday walk where, ‘She takes as much care to make herself and the children look smart as she would if she were going to do the block in the city, There is nothing to see however, not a soul to meet’. Lawson ends this section with an authorial insight into the ‘bushwoman’s’ contentedness despite this loss and struggle. She is ‘used to the loneliness of it’, ‘would feel strange away from it’, ‘She is glad when her husband returns†¦.but does not make a fuss’, ‘she seems contented with her lot.’ (ii) Flashbacks; Lawson builds our admiration for the drovers’ wife through the flashbacks’; bushfire, flood, pleuro-pneumonia and mad bullock. He uses them to show how the harshness of the Australian bush challenges gender roles. In the bushfire she is cast in a masculine role as she wears ‘an old pair of her husbands trousers’, ‘till great drops of sweaty perspiration’ run ‘down her blackened arms’ however in the arrival of ‘four excited bushmen’ we see the woman rescued by the men from the fire that ‘would have mastered her’. This idea is reinforced in the loss of the dam, when Lawson intrudes with an authorial statement, ‘there are some things that a bushwoman cannot do’ emphasising her vulnerability in the absence of her husband. Lawson builds empathy when he permits us a glimpse of emotion in the midst of loss and struggle, ‘she cried then’. Lawson uses these moments of tears to introduce the uniquely Australian habit of laughing at our misfortune as a coping mechanism, ‘she is hurt now, and tears spring to her eyes’ but ‘The handkerchief is full of holes and she..put her thumb through one’ , ‘This makes her laugh.’ The remaining  flashbacks see her conquering, a mad bullock, crows and eagles, and a ‘gallowed faced swagman’ leaving us in awe of the basewoman’s resourcefulness and success. (iii) Dialogue; The limited dialogue between the bushwoman and her children builds characteristaion. The eldest son wants to be the man for his mother, ‘Stop there, mother! I’ll have him. Stand back I’ll have the beggar.’ The colloquial and course exam ples of Tommy’s dialogue like ‘I’d like to screw their blanky necks’ also adds to the authentic Australian bush feel of the story. (iv) The resolution of the story is, appropriately and powerfully, all about the characters. Arguably the most meaningful bit of dialogue in the story is Tommy’s declaration â€Å"Mother, I won’t never go drovin’ blast me if I do!† Tommy wants to be his mother’s protector. They connect strongly as â€Å"she hugs him to her worn-out breast and kisses him†. The â€Å"worn-out breast† symbolises how the toll the bush has taken on her. The kiss is a rare act of affection showing that despite all the hardship, she still has a â€Å"womanly† side – life in the bush has not hardened her completely. THE LOADED DOG: Style and Purpose: Is a short story, which follows the normal convention of – orientation, structure and resolution. Lawson’s purpose is to entertain using a clever plot and humour. The quirky characters are ‘sketched’ briefly but the reader finds themselves engaging more with, the plot development and the humour, than the details of the setting and characters. Meaning; The meaning of The Loaded Dog is found more in the language, interaction and actions of the characters rather than in their characterisation itself. The setting may belong to a bygone era but the comedic larrikinism of this typically Australian yarn connects with the ‘tell me a good story’ expectation of the 19th century audience. The sardonic humour still rings true with the 21st century Australian today. Analysis; (i) Narrative: The 3rd person narration makes us an observer of Dave, Jim, Andy and Tommy. (ii) Characterisation: The opening sentence of the story lists the full names of the main characters hinting at their specific roles in the plot. Dave is the ‘ideas’ man, Andy the ‘hands –on’ one who puts ‘Dave’s theory into practice’. And Jim Bently the sensible one who ‘wasn’t  interested in their damned silliness’. The fourth main character is Tommy the dog, a lovable ‘overgrown pup’ that ‘seemed to take life, the world, his two-legged mates, and his own instincts as a hug joke.’ Tommy is often humanised ‘he watched Andy with great interest’. In contrast, Lawson characterises the Nasty Yellow Dog as the classic villain. Introduced late in the story, we form no attachment and when we find out he has hurt Tommy in the past, for no good reason, we can celebrate Tommy’s escape and laugh at the yellow dogs demise. (iii) Pace: Lawson makes effective use pace variations to entertain. The laborious description of the ‘formidable bomb’ leaves us certain of its capacity to harm when it was ‘wedged into his (Tommy’s) broardest silliest grin.’ Lawson immediately quickens the pace of the text through exclaimed dialogue and short sentences, ‘’Run, Andy! Run!’. He slows again to provide a humourous picture of the various running styles and speeds ‘Dave and Jim were good runners-Jim the best – for a short distance; Andy was slow and heavy’. Their panic is contrasted with Tommy’s joy, ‘the dog capered around him†¦.as though he thought, on a frolic.’ The ‘live fuse’ is personified ‘swishing†¦.hissing and spluttering and stinking’. The ‘lark’ takes several more fast paced hilarious turns before Dave enters the bar and Tommy leaves the cartridge with the ’vicious yellow mongrel cattle-dog’. ‘He sniffed at the cartrid ge twice, and was just taking a third cautious sniff when—-‘. This hanging (unfinished) sentence marks the slowing of the pace of the text to suit the aftermath of the explosion. (iv) Humour; Humour is central to the success of this short story and the understatement of fact following the explosion is a good example of Lawson’s use of typically Australian dark humour. Rather than focus on the fate of the yellow dog he simply states; ‘It was very good blasting powder—and the cartridge had been excellently well made ‘ (v) Hyperbole; Lawson follows this understatement with hyperbole (exaggeration) ‘Bushmen say that that kitchen jumped off its piles and on again.’ (vi) Australian Slang and Jargon; The Loaded Dog is faithful to the Australian bush throughout. The characterization, setting, humour and language are thoroughly Australian. It is entirely appropriate that Lawson finish a mate ribbing a mate in true Australian form with an au thentic Australian ‘lazy drawl and with just a hint of the nasal twang–†El-lo, Da-a-ve! How’s the fishin’ getting on, Da-a-ve?† ‘

Business Model and Strategic Plan Essay Example for Free (#3)

Business Model and Strategic Plan Essay Coffee (372) , Starbucks (158) , Strategic Plan (66) , Business model (48) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Why do businesses need innovation is simple, the world is changing at a rapid speed and no one can predict what is coming in the future. Organizations are facing many new types of vulnerabilities everyday. Innovation helps to determinate the strategic management within an organization and prepares organizations for the unforeseeable change and to make the change. Although very organization have different priorities, or balance the unique issues of their own, ignoring the innovation, or implementing the strategic plan inefficiently can bring risks of losing key employees, inefficiency of the operation, and lose competitive advantages to the competitors. This paper will create a new division for Starbucks Coffee Co. Using this division as an example to explain the importance of the innovation in company’s vision, mission, and values, and how it related to strategic management. Starbucks Corporation, doing business as Starbucks Coffee, is an American global coffee company and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington. Today, with more than 21,000 stores in 65 countries, Starbucks is the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in the world. And with every cup, the company strives to bring both their heritage and an exceptional experience to life. (Starbucks.com) Since the first Starbucks opened in 1971, the company has a goal to share great coffee with friends and help make the world a little better place. (Starbucks.com) To better server Starbucks Coffee’s customers, and provide quick and easy coffee for the people who have to fight the morning or anytime traffic, Starbucks coffee co. has purposed a new business model of Self Severed Coffee Machine. This new Machine will be located outside of Starbucks stores, shopping centers, and large office buildings to better server the consumers who does not have time to wait in line and get their favorite cup of coffee. In this tough economic climate, Starbucks needs to compete smart, this means to stay a step head on ensuring the best response to customers’ need and demand. It is often to see a line of customers either inside the store or in the drive through. While we appreciate the their patience to wait in line, we also share their frustration. It is our intention to ensure everyone loves his or her coffee. While we are proud that every cup is made to earn our customers’ satisfaction, we are also spending a considerable amount of time on making them. The Self Served Starbucks machine has an ability of produce majority flavors of the coffee, which our customer likes. Simply pay the cash, wipe the credit card, or scan the mobile Starbucks App on your smartphone, the machine will make a fresh brew cup of coffee in just 45 seconds. With this machine outside of store or mall, our customer can save time on waiting in line. Even more convenient, the machines outside of the office building not only can save our customer a trip to the coffee shop in the morning, also be able to enjoy a hot fresh coffee when they sat down by their desk. This new machine can ensure the competitive advantage by its product differentiation, more focused group on customer service, and operational efficiency. Starbucks’ mission is a reason for the company’s existence. With the unique style of combining both, our vision and mission statement is â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time.† (Starbucks.com) To align with this mission statement, our new division’s mission statement is to † bring the best quality coffee and convenience to our customers on the go, one machine at the time† This mission statement reflected the company value and beliefs to show our costumers that we care, it will also guide our employees on understand and establish what the company truly does. A good mission statement inspires employees and provides a focus and direction for strategic planning. While mission statements vary from organization to organization and represent the distinctness of each one, they all share similar components. (Mission and Vision Statements, 2010) The new division’s mission statemen ts include descriptions of Starbucks’ target market, the geographic domain, and concern for survival, growth, and profitability. Being the giant leader of the coffee and snacks industry, Starbuck coffee company needs to develop a strong strategic plan through the analysis of SWOTT. SWOTT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and trends. A SWOTT analysis identifies strengths and weaknesses within a company, and outside opportunities and threats. The most important parts of a SWOT analysis specify the actions that correspond to the elements the company identify. By using the results of the analysis to improve the situation of the new division, we can reduce the likelihood of developments that negatively affect the business while improving performance. (Smallbusiness.Chron.com) Starbuck is currently in the retail coffee and snacks industry. The  self-serve coffee machine will be able to satisfy customers not just a cup of coffee but also tea, water and juice, which Starbuck currently provide in the store. The loyal based reward programs provide customers with convenience, giving presents, and increasing frequency of the machine visit. Although there will not be any customer service involved, but the efficiency of leveraging technology with the capability of mobile App will still attract customers. The machine will provide extra ideas on the screen related to recycling and reducing waste; this is a great way to communicate with people about the social responsibility initiatives of the company. Due to the economic crush in 2008, this industry has experiencing a major downfall in sales. Because of the sensitivities to the macroeconomic factors, most of industry consumers have to give up extra expenses such as over priced drinks, snacks, and food. However, with economy slowly recover, consumers will start feeling the relaxation of the financial situation, it is safe to say, this industry will has a considerable amount of growth in the near future. With Starbuck having the most of market share in the industry, they have a monopolistic competition. By far the biggest threat the company face is the mature stage of the industry. Dunkin donuts, McDonalds, or Pete’s coffee are all the main pressure on Starbucks. Starbucks brand recognition and the convenience of the self-severed machines differentiates itself, the brand and the machine will draw more customers’ attention, gain competitive advantages for the company. The self-served Starbucks coffee machine will be located in some of the most prime and strategic location across the city such as universities, office buildings, and grocery stores. They will primarily targeting mid-income individuals and students. This strategy will gain competence due to the customer convince factor. The Starbuck coffee-pricing factor does pose a weakness to some targeted consumers; however, the self-severed machine will be 5% cheap because there are no labor costs involved. Expansion into a global market is an opportunity for these machines. Starbucks has a great growth potential in further expanding into the emerging and developing  markets. The company can leverage their size, experience, financial prowess and efficiencies to make new market share. (Forbes.com) Starbuck has putting significant amount of time and money on training their employees. Their employees are known for highly knowledge and experienced. They are the main assets of the company and they are provided with great benefits like stock option, retirement accounts and a healthy culture. This effective human capital management translates into great customer services. It was rated 91st in the 100 best places to work for by Fortune Magazine. (CNN.com) The internal threat for Starbucks currently is the change of life style and taste choices of consumers. More and more customers are shifting towards healthy foods and drinks; this treading can hurt the coffee culture of the company, even to industry in the future. The Balanced scorecard is a management system that enables organizations to clarify their vision and strategy and translate them into action. It also provides an organization with feedback of both the internal business processes and external outcomes, which allows for continuous improvement of strategic performance and results. Develop the strategic objectives for the new division of the Starbuck in the balanced scorecard format in the context of key trends, assumptions, and risks. The strategic objectives are measures of attaining the new vision and mission. Below are the three strategic objectives for each of the four balanced scorecard areas identified (Financial, Customer, Process, Learning and Growth). How to gain the market share is the objective in financial perspective. This is aggressive strategy the new division can use to power our organization and weaken the competitors. The new † Self served coffee machine† can gain market shares by: One: New technology. This market has always been a high growth market, and high growth markets has less competitors, it means they will not fight our  efforts as fiercely. Two: Innovation. This new machine is absolutely a breakthrough innovative idea once it is release into the market. Innovation can help the new division obtain large market share. Three: Strategic Alliance. The new machine can advertise other products, which is great choice when drinking coffee. If the alliance company can help with founding, we can lower our coffee price. This is efficient way to lure customers from competitors. How do we create value for our customers are the objective for the customer perspective? Customers are the key factor to an organization success. Creating value for our customers in three ways: One: New Value. This is the most challenging way to impress customers. By setting new machines by the office buildings or school parking lots will be most convenience for people do not have time to stop for coffee in the morning, or anytime during the day. Two: More value. The machine will provide the same product as in a Starbucks coffee store, but cheaper. Three: Better Value. To expend on the existing value, the customer will be able to purchase snake from the machine. The addition product provided will simply delivering more powerful impact to consumers. PROCESS OR INTERNAL OPERATIONS PERSPECTIVE How we measure the new division performance? The new division will have its own survey attached to the machine. Customers are the top choice for us to know what does the new division do to make them come back for more. Also, customers can leave feedbacks and advice via Facebook, Yelp, or preferred  social Media. Our new division will make huge impact on the organization, because it will release the busy traffic in the morning for the store location. LEARNING AND GROWTH (EMPLOYEE) PERSPECTIVE There is no employees’ turn over or retention involved with the â€Å"Self served machine† However, the mechanics are needed for the daily maintenance and refill. The new technology will notify the mechanic department if the machine needs any attention or checkups. While having a strategic plan, mission and vision Statement is crucial for the new division, but crafting and developing this plan is only the half of the battle. To have a communication plan is one of the most important factors after the plan and analysis is finalized. Although the new division will not have any human operating the machine, there are still the needs of new policies and procedures to be carried out. The effective of these policies and procedures are most likely effect the success of the plan. For example, machines maintenance schedule, or refill of the machine. Failure to take communication plan into account can cause disastrous. Our new business plan is a comprehensive document that outlines key elements of how we going to operate this new division. The plan typically includes an assessment of the market and the competition, operating budget breakdown, and short and long-term business goals. (smallbusiness.chron.com) There are three suggest way to monitor and control our new plan: Any new business plans within an organization needs to be reviewed on a regular basis, especially the expectancy of the busy traffic with the new  self-served machine. The new division management needs to set a date, this can be quarterly or annually, to review the long-term and short-term goals. Conducting the comparative analysis will help to ensure the strategic plan is on the right path. The management team of new division needs to develop a new tracking system to assess how the sales are doing regularly. For example, if the target sales goal is 5000 cups per month, then track the sales weekly or twice a month to monitor and control the process. Monitor key elements frequently. Key elements of the business plan include research on the market and competition as well as revenue projections. Each of these elements is subject to rapid change, and the management team should remain aware of where you stand with regard to these issues. (Smallbusiness.chorn.com) COORDINATE BUSINESS AND MARKING PLANS Our new division will have both business and marketing plans. Sometimes, they overlap in several ways. For example, if the Marketing plans calls for a major launching campaign with the media, but the business plan’s revenue prediction rejects that plan, then the managers needs to revise the plan to stay on track. Ethical behaviors and organization social responsibility is one of the key factors to bring large benefits for the business. With the new self-served coffee machine, it attracts customers with Starbucks signature products, thereby to boosting sales and revenue. It will create more jobs, therefor, help with unemployment. It will also attract more investors and keep the company’s share price high, therefor, protecting the business and employees’ benefits. The fact is brutally simple: the accelerated change within the business world is unavoidable. Evidence shows in current business world, customers are changing their needs and interest each day, markets are relentlessly unstable, and competitors are more aggressively capture any chance possible at new ideas. With technology advances faster and faster, and modifying the traditional strategic management that it touches, Innovation has become what shapes the current strategic management trends, and the right strategic management is the key to business success. http://www.starbucks.com/about-us/our-heritage Mission and Vision Statements. r Business Plan. We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Recent biotechnological approaches that have been used to enhance the Essay

Recent biotechnological approaches that have been used to enhance the yield and diversity of amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics - Essay Example These enrichments are only possible with Biotechnology. In the agriculture sector, many technologies are used such as genetic manipulation and gene transfer, development of recombinant vaccines, molecular markers, DNA-based disease diagnosis and characterization, embryo transfer and in vitro propagation of plants. In the food industry, the food processing is the main part where biotechnology intermission is required. For the improvement of the bacterial strains, genetic modification of the strains for the food processing microorganisms by the identification, characterization and alteration is done. Thus biotechnology has vast applications in many fields. Biofuels: As the fossil fuels are very limited, the search for the alternative methods that are renewable and safe are looked upon. The biological fuels such as ethanol, methane, hydrogen etc., are increasing day by day. To improve the production quality of these biofuels, the biotechnological approaches are used. The drawbacks of th ese methods such as low yield, high cost of feed, ad lack of active micro organisms can be overcome by using biotechnological approaches. ... Here the metabolic pathway is altered. The glucose metabolism towards the metabolic pyruvate formate lyase pathway by interrupting the succinate producing and lactate producing pathways. (Yoshida et al. 2006). By this technique the yield of hydrogen was increased from 1.08 mol/mol glucose to 1.83 mol/mol glucose which is 190 percent increase in the yields when compared to the wild strain hydrogen production. (Yoshida et al. 2006). The maize is used for the production of biofuel nowadays. The distillery soluble waste obtained after the ethanol production called as dried distiller grain soluble (DDGS), is usually left out as cattle feed. The researchers have found that this DDGS has a lot of nutritional value and if the feed is improved with amino acid and vitamin content, it can be used for swine and poultry. (Ufaz and Galili 2008). Lignocellulostic biomass is widely used as the main source of sugars for the fermentation to biofuels and other energy sources. These sugars are present b ound to the plant cell walls. The process of overcoming these barriers by the use of some break through technologies is termed as â€Å"biomass recalcitrance†. (Tomes and Lakshmanan 2010). Pretreatment of the biomass and then using it as the raw material for biofuel production will result in better yield. As lignin is not degraded easily by the protease enzymes, some modification to the substrate is very essential. Lignin hinders its active site form the enzymes and also binds reversibly to the proteins, because of this nature of lignin the enzymatic conversion is very less. So an alternative approach of increasing the pore size of the biomass can help to increase the enzymatic activity. Enzymes such as cellulase and hemicellulase are used for the

Should robots be given the same rights as human Essay

Should robots be given the same rights as human - Essay Example tties of their life to make it easier and accelerate in a supersonic velocity with three laws of robotics injected within the mechanisms of robots so that they cannot surpass the superiority of the humans, their creator. The three laws of robotics goes with the convention that a) A robot will not injure a human being or, will not allow a human being to come to harm through force, b) It will definitely obey the orders entrusted upon it by the human beings except in cases where such orders gets contradicted with the First Law , c) It will shield its existence until and unless such shielding gets inconsistent with the First or Second Law (Isaac Asimovs "Three Laws of Robotics). But with the advancement of artificial intelligence, Cyberneticists have proved that the robots can imitate behaviors, can learn from the mistakes, posses the power of generation multiplication through probabilistic mode of self reproduction, and can become possessor of unbounded life span through self repairing mechanism (McNally and Inayatullah). Robots after gaining these powers will definitely claim equal human rights. However if equal human rights are bestowed upon the robots the world can face tremendous devastations or advancement with the possibility of subordination of the human race under the authority of robots unless and until the three laws of robotics do not gets

Topic 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Topic 2 - Essay Example in the company by â€Å"focusing attention on the sources of demand for activities and by permitting management to create behavioural incentives to improve one or more aspects of the business† (The Chartered Institute of Accountants, nd). This process of demand can however be inefficient especially if management does not know the quantity of demand that should improve quantities. Just-in-time complements this shortcoming by providing the material quantity of what is needed and when it is needed. Just-in-time marketing also benefits activity based management because it provides more accurate information regarding the quantity of resources needed in its quest to generate meaningful information that would be used for decision making. Just-in-time would also make the activity of quantifying the cost of the performance of activities more proactive because it would instead quantify what is need to perform improvements instead of just quantifying the resources expended which could be inefficient. In sum, Just-in-time manufacturing would complement activity based management by providing the information it needed to become efficient in its strategic decision making to improve the

Korean War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Korean War - Essay Example The initial cause was that at the World War of 1939-45, at the Allied Summit meeting it was decided that Korea would be given independence. Korea had been a Japanese colony since 1910. Korea was to be occupied by the Soviet Union till the 38th parallel, the division line, and USA would occupy the South. In the North, the Soviets backed a Stalinist regime under their client Kim Il-sung and created the North Korean Peoples' Army. They had the use of Russian artillery and tanks. In the South, the situation was very chaotic and resulted in the Americans backing the administration under the leadership of Syngman Rhee. The South wanted a united nation, thus they had very little artillery and tanks compared to the North. Many incidents took place along the 38th parallel but a fully fledged attack was launched by the North Korean People's Army on the 25th of June 1950. The South was much unprepared for the attack. (Micheal, 2001) Stalin was assured by Kim Il-sung that he could capture the Southern part. Stalin thought of this as an opportunity to continue the cold war without directly getting involved. This would also cause discomfort to America, which is what Stalin wanted. In the South, Syngman Rhee boasted about attacking the North in 1950, this gave the North a very good reason to invade the South before the South took any action against them. (History Central, n.d.) The Domino theory was what bothered President Truman; he thought that if one country fell to Communism the rest will too. He thought if Korea became communist it would capture Japan. In his opinion supporting South Korea would indirectly fight Communism and their competition with the USSR would finish. The American National Security Council issued a report (NSC 68) recommending that America abandon 'containment' and start 'rolling back' Communism. (Claire, n.d.) All these causes started the Korean War and resulted in the country being divided into two parts along the 38th parallel. The War was divided into five phases. In the first phase the North attacked the South and the Americans were taken aback. At this time they captured most of the South. The Americans asked for military assistance and American troops were sent in, who reinforced the Southern Army at Pusan. The second phase started right after when American General MacArthur led an army of troops at Inchon, near Seoul. The North Korean People's Army has to retreat as the General came up behind them, the South recaptured their territory. The General invaded the North on the 7th of October 1950. They captured almost up till the Chinese Border. They assumed that they would be back home by Christmas. The third phase started with this. The Chinese were threatened by this and attacked the army led by the General. The Chinese had modern weapons and a dislike for the Americans. They recaptur ed the North and advanced into the South, there were more than half a million Chinese troops involved in this attack. (Claire, n.d.) The fourth phase came with more American troops landing; this led to the American pushing back the Chinese. Many lives were lost during this time. In March 1951, the American troops reached the 38th parallel line again. The last and final phase was when the President told the General to stop; the General criticized the President and was court marshaled. In 1953 the American

Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Movie Review Example The movie, which has a historical setting notably the Second World War, shares the same ideology as the events that took place between 1942 and 1943 when constructing Burma Railway. In the movie, British prisoners set out to serve their sentence at a camp that was controlled by Japanese soldiers. Upon arrival, however, the commander in charge of the camp brings to their attention that all the prisoners are to take part in the construction of the bridge along river Kwai. The Colonel in charge of the British soldiers however does not support this ideology. Colonel Nicholson holds the opinion that the Geneva Convention prohibits his team of British prisoners from taking part in such activities and orders his team not to take part in such activities. The ideological differences held by the leaders of the two camps leads to a lot of rivalry within the camp, with both the British prisoners and Nicholson their Lieutenant being punished by Commander Shears. Nicholson is locked up while his troops are forced to withstand the strong heat brought about by the prevailing harsh weather conditions. In a sudden change of events . Nevertheless, Commander Shears pardons Nicholson. Motivated by the spirit of getting it right, Lieutenant Nicholson orders his troops to restart the construction of the bridge along river Kwai as portion of the work that had been done is not worth. Soon after the construction work has been completed, the Major Warden and Lieutenant Joyce plot a ploy to destroy the bridge. To help them in accomplishing their task they plot explosives and several wires under the bridge. Luck does not however go their way as the water levels reduce exposing the explosives under the bridge. Lieutenant Nicholson and Colonel Saito join hands, and amidst the prevailing circumstances, they manage to prevent Lieutenant Joyce from reaching the explosives. While going through the movie,

Exam 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Exam 4 - Essay Example The state especially in the southern region devised and emphasized laws that augmented disunity among its citizens whereby whites felt they had the mandate to oppress others. This exceeded to the extent of natives claiming to have unrestrained desire of acquiring slaves whom they could use for their domestic and heavy tasks besides mistreating them. In that ancient era, the constitution and the union did not advocate or cater for Blacks’ needs in America. For instance, they were required to have written permits from their employers if they desired to pass through certain areas only preserved for whites. If they did not adhere to these requirements, they suffered severe consequences like fines, forced to work in roads or even imprisoned. This culture of slavery was more common in the southern America were civilization was the key issue then advocated to equal that of N. America. Consequently, more laborers were required who turned out to be Blacks. Southerners preferred servitu de because it was cheap in that they did not have to pay the enslaved thus ensured increased productivity. This prompted these regions being adamant in yielding to the demands of abolishing servitude to the extent of pushing even the Northerners to adopt the same mainly for economic purposes. However, Northerners disagreed completely about that issue and in turn sought its abolishment throughout America. The gap between the Northerners and Southerners’ territories slowly continued to widen due to these disagreements that remained unresolved. Initially, these disagreements about slave labor triggered civil war because the two territories failed to have adequate negotiable terms regarding the matter. Abolition of servitude spearheaded by Abraham Lincoln regime that aimed at advocating equality both socially or politically helped the entire America

Analysis of the Sources that Explained Mesopotamia in Preindustrial Annotated Bibliography

Analysis of the Sources that Explained Mesopotamia in Preindustrial Era - Annotated Bibliography Example The problems will be linked to the economic and social wellbeing of the country. They will also be linked to the increasing settlement in the region with the focus being on how this article describes early settlement. The social problems experienced are directly linked to urbanization which will be detailed upon by the articles. The aim of the article will be to provide information that would describe earlier settlement. The article will give details on how the problems affected settlement in the city. This will also detail how it also affected the structural design of the city. The article also explores models designed by preindustrial Mesopotamia in curbing these social problems. The article also explores the manner in which the two rivers bordering the city where effecting while constructing the city and at the same time sustain life within the city. The focus will be to highlight the factors that contributed to the problems and the solutions offered by the dwellers within the cit y. There is a need to focus on human geography. This source will detail the population distribution of the region and at the same time focus on the economic activities of the region. The aim will be to determine the human element in the existence of the city and how different cultures coexisted within the city. The focus will be on how resources were distributed within the city. The aim would be discussed the population growth and to determine how this contributed to the expansion of the city. The connections between human population and the citizen of the city will be focused upon. The migration patterns and the population of the neighboring cities will be focused upon. The factors that enhanced the migration will be discussed. This will be compared to the available economic activities within the region. The article will detail what resources were utilized during the development of the city.  

Do You Support the Allowance of Women Into Combat Positions Essay Example for Free

Do You Support the Allowance of Women Into Combat Positions Essay Outgoing Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta announced Thursday a lifting of the ban on female service members in combat roles, a watershed policy change that was informed by women’s valor in Iraq and Afghanistan and that removes the remaining barrier to a fully inclusive military, defense officials said. Panetta made the decision â€Å"upon the recommendation of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,† a senior defense official said Wednesday, an assertion that stunned female veteran activists who said they assumed that the brass was still uneasy about opening the most physically arduous positions to women. The Army and the Marines, which make up the bulk of the military’s ground combat force, will present plans to open most jobs to women by May 15. The Army, by far the largest fighting force, currently excludes women from nearly 25 percent of active-duty roles. A senior defense official said the Pentagon expects to open â€Å"many positions† to women this year; senior commanders will have until January 2016 to ask for exceptions. â€Å"The onus is going to be on them to justify why a woman can’t serve in a particular role,† said the official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss the plan before the official announcement. The decision comes after a decade of counterinsurgency missions in Iraq and Afghanistan, where women demonstrated hero ­ism on battlefields with no front lines. It dovetails with another seismic policy change in the military that has been implemented relatively smoothly: the repeal of the ban on openly gay service members. Lawmakers and female veterans applauded Wednesday’s news, saying the ban on women in combat roles is obsolete. â€Å"This is monumental,† said Anu Bhagwati, a former Marine captain and executive director of the Service Women’s Action Network, which has advocated for the full inclusion of women. â€Å"Every time equality is recognized and meritocracy is enforced, it helps everyone, and it will help professionalize the force.† Critics of opening combat positions to women have argued for years that integration during deployments could create a distracting, sexually charged atmosphere in the force and that women are unable to perform some of the more physically demanding jobs. Advocates and experts say women are unlikely to flock to those positions, such as roles in light infantry and tank units and Special Forces — although some may. More substantively, they say, lifting the ban will go a long way toward changing the culture of a male-dominated institution in which women have long complained about discrimination and a high incidence of sexual assault. Changes long sought Lawmakers and advocates have long pressed the Pentagon to create a more inclusive force, yielding incremental changes. The American Civil Liberties Union recently sued the Pentagon over its policy, calling it discriminatory. Last year, military officials opened numerous job categories to women after a study concluded that the Defense Department was ready for greater inclusion in combat units. That made it easier for women to be assigned, for example, to combat brigades as radio operators. It also gave commanders a sense of how a broader integration process could work, said an Army general who played a key role in last year’s effort to open new positions for women. â€Å"The average professional will say, ‘I’ve served with women at all levels, and based on my experience, women have done a phenomenal job,’ † said the officer, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because the change had not been formally announced. Ads by Google AMU Military UniversityChoose from 87 online degrees at American Military University. www.AMU.APUS.edu/AirForce The debate over the supposed pitfalls of women and men sharing close quarters has been rendered moot by the recent wars, he said, adding: â€Å"If you were having this debate in peacetime, it might be more emotional.† The fact that women have excelled in de facto front-line roles in Iraq and Afghanistan has proved such concerns unwarranted, Sen. Carl Levin (D-Mich.), the head of the Senate Armed Services Committee, said in an interview Wednesday afternoon. â€Å"The reality is that so many women have been, in effect, in combat or quasi-combat,† he said. â€Å"This is catching up with reality.† In a statement, Sen. James M. Inhofe (Okla.), the leading Republican on the Armed Services Committee, voiced a measure of concern, saying last year’s study raised â€Å"serious practical barriers† that, if ignored, could jeopardize the â€Å"safety and privacy† of service members. Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.), another member of the panel, said he supports the decision, but he alluded to some of the thorny implementation issues that have yet to be addressed. â€Å"It is critical that we maintain the same high standards that have made the American military the most feared and admired fighting force in the world — particularly the rigorous physical standards for our elite special forces units,† he said in a statement.

Milk and Formula Essay Example for Free

Milk and Formula Essay There are many different types of formula feed and there are many different factors to take into account before choosing the right formula feed. * Health * Dietary needs * Age * Cost and preparation time of different formula milks. There are three different types of formula: * Cow’s milk-based formula * Hydrolysed protein formula * Soya-based formula Most babies can have cow’s milk-based formula, however there are some who have a health or dietary reason why they can’t. The different range of formula milks are described below. (information obtained from the baby centre website). Cow’s milk-based formula Most baby formula milks are based on cows milk, which is modified to resemble breastmilk as closely as possible. Manufacturers modify cows milk for babies by adjusting carbohydrate, protein, and fat levels and adding vitamins and minerals. There are also special types of formula manufactured for premature babies. The protein in milk can be broken down into curds (casein) and whey. The ratio of casein to whey can vary according to the type of baby formula milk. There are two main types: First-stage formula. These milks consist of mostly whey, with a casein:whey ratio of 40:60, which is about the same as breastmilk. They are suitable for babies from birth up to about a year, and are thought to be easier to digest. Second-stage formula. These milks consist of mostly casein, with a casein:whey ratio of 80:20. They take longer to digest and are often promoted as being for hungrier babies. Nutritionally, babies will only need first-stage formula, although we may decide to move the baby onto second-stage formula as they grow. It is important to be cautious when changing a baby’s milk. Switching from first to second-stage milk too early can give a baby constipation. Although many milk manufacturers market their second-stage milk as suitable from birth, it’s best to wait until the baby is at least four weeks old. If the baby doesn’t seem content with the formula we first started them on, the parents should talk to their health visitor before changing formulas. When the baby’s a year old, we can move them on from first or second-stage formula to cows milk. Cow’s milk is not recommended as a main drink for babies under the age of one because it’s low in iron and vitamin C. But we can use small amounts in cooking for the baby when they’ve started solids, or on their breakfast cereal. Hydrolysed-protein formula This is a formula milk which is specially designed for babies with an allergy or intolerance to cows milk. If a baby has a cow’s milk allergy, the protein in the milk will cause an allergic reaction. And if they have a intolerance to cow’s milk, they will have difficulty digesting the lactose, or sugar, in the milk. Hydrolysed-protein formula milks are based on cows milk and have the same nutritional value as standard formula milk. But the protein in the milk is hydrolysed, which means it is broken down so the baby is less likely to react to it. These milks are also generally lactose-free, so babies with an intolerance to cow’s milk can digest them easily. If you think a baby has a cows milk allergy or intolerance, see your doctor or health visitor. Your doctor will be able to prescribe a hydrolysed-protein formula for your baby. You can buy these from your pharmacy, too. You can also buy special lactose-free formulas, which your doctor may suggest that your baby has lactose intolerance. Soya-based formula Soya-based formula is made from soya beans. It is modified with vitamins, minerals and nutrients to make it suitable for formula milk. Only give your baby soya-based formula on the advice of your doctor, health visitor or paediatrician. Even though manufacturers market their soya formulas as suitable for babies from birth, health professionals dont recommend them for babies under six months. Its not recommended that your baby has soya formula if she has a cow’s milk allergy. Babies who are allergic to cows milk are often allergic to soya, too. There is also no evidence that changing to a soya-based formula can help to soothe your baby if she is unsettled or colicky. Your baby may be colicky because she’s intolerant to lactose, and so a lactose-free formula is best if this is the case. Ask your doctor or health visitor for advice if you think your baby has an allergy or intolerance to cow’s milk. There are no particular health benefits that your baby would get from soya formula compared to other formula milks. In fact, soya formula milks can actually damage your baby’s teeth over time, because they contain glucose syrup. If you do give your baby soya milk, you’ll have to take extra special care of her teeth. What kind of formula milk does an older baby need? There are cows milk formulas that are marketed for babies from six months, because they are high in iron which growing babies need. However, these milks are not nutritionally necessary. Your baby will be getting the iron and other nutrients she needs from her solid foods. There’s no need to switch to a different milk if your baby is happy with breastmilk or her usual formula. Milks marketed for older babies include: Follow-on milks These are milks with higher protein and mineral content than ordinary infant formula. They are sold as suitable for babies from six months old. Follow-on milks are advertised as more nutritious than cows milk, because they contain added iron, vitamins and minerals. However, bear in mind that cows milk is not a suitable drink for your baby until she’s a year old anyway. Goodnight milks These are follow-on milks with added cereal, which are marketed at parents as helping babies to sleep better at night. However, there’s no evidence that they help babies to settle at night or that they take longer to digest. Don’t give goodnight milk to your baby if she’s less than six months old because cereal isn’t suitable for younger babies. Also don’t give this milk to your baby if she is overweight. Growing-up milks Growing-up milks are marketed at parents as being better than cows milk because they contain added iron and other vitamins and minerals. They are promoted to be used for babies from about one year old. However, growing-up milk isn’t needed, as once your baby’s a year old she can have full-fat cows milk as her main drink. She’ll also be eating a varied and balanced diet, which should provide her with all the essential vitamins and minerals, without the need for growing-up milk. These extra formula milks are not really necessary at all. Your baby can get all she needs as she grows by having her standard formula milk alongside calcium-rich and iron-rich foods. You can then move your baby onto cow’s milk when she’s a year old. The only reason you may want to change your baby’s milk is if you’re raising her as a vegetarian. When your start her on solids from six months, you may find it difficult to find enough vegetarian foods that are rich in iron. So an iron-rich formula may be a good option.

Business Process Redesigning At Starbucks

Business Process Redesigning At Starbucks This research paper discusses the reversal of the growth momentum achieved by Starbucks Company and the problems facing its internal business process which in turn would decrease the customer base of the company in the long run. The paper suggests some positive steps to stall the decline by introducing redesigning in areas like information system for better interaction and adding value in its whole supply chain process. In order to be more cost effective in the whole of the value chain of Starbucks the paper has introduced certain tools like lean management and IT software to smoothen the process of interaction in a much better way. Starbucks Company has attained a unique place in the world for the brewing and retailing of extra rich coffee experience that it gives to its millions of customers. The company has more than 16600 stores in over 40 countries and is still expanding. Starbucks sells different varieties of coffee like drip brewed coffee, espresso hot drinks, coffee beans, salads and other snacks, besides offering mugs and tumblers with its logo over the counter. Starbucks also runs an entertainment division and markets music and films apart from the sale of books and other stationery. Although Starbucks Company is seen to be the worlds largest producer and retailer of specialty coffee, offering the widest range of regular and decaffeinated coffee and beverages, it is not likely to be so in the future due to stiff competition and price war. This means that most likely the competitors which are both local cafes and large retail giants are gaining ground in this niche area where Starbucks previously had a firm foothold. This is quite likely as the current trends of the worlds largest coffee brewer suggest and necessitated the giant to close down shutters on many of its promising coffee stores around the world. The recession has further taken its toll with many consumers preferring similar coffees at cheaper price. Therefore, there is every reason to suggest that Starbucks carries out a total redesigning of its existing levels of functions right from the stage it procures its materials like raw bean purchase to the stage when the final output passes on to the hands of the customers at its various stores. This is not an insurmountable task as Starbucks own system has so far allowed it to function without much of hindrance. But given the fact that the current market conditions have changed drastically and the stiff competition has brought a price war, Starbucks would have to make some changes in the methods pertaining to this problem. Hence, this paper suggests certain important steps in the right direction which could make Starbucks a formidable challenge to it customers as well as retain its large customer base almost intact. The first and primary step is to make some changes in the way the information system at Starbucks functions and the second is the way the lean management system could be introduced in its value chain starting from the procurement of raw materials to the sale of coffee beverages at its retail counters. In order to bring out the required focus on these two foremost activities it is necessary for Starbucks to introduce a newer and better Information System to solve this problem. This would mean that Starbucks would have to implement new software which helps in allowing the free flow of information through the complete supply chain process. As we move into the information age, the success of the organization depends upon its own experience and that of others and by the right method of collecting this information it attains the greatest competitive advantage (Fairfield, 2001). The second problem is to curtail wastages as well as avoid the fluctuating prices of coffee beans while procuring through a series of checks and pragmatic forecasting. The fluctuation in prices could be seasonal and the procurement could be done by meticulous planning. For instance, coffee procurement could be made by coming into terms with the suppliers on a long term basis where prices of coffee beans could be fixed. In this Starbucks is way ahead of all other competitors and can dictate terms in the market to some extent and there by reduce its procurement costs. For all this to be made into a seamless operation the rapid flow of information with the help of Internet and intranet is of paramount importance and hence the right software facilitating this flow for stage by stage implementation of lean management and the consequent training of the staff for the fulfillment of the whole process are the prerequisites. Here, the Information System is quite different from the Information Technology and should not be confused. At Starbucks the information system includes the component known as Information Technology and this is allowed to function in tandem with that of other processes in order to get the maximum effect. The Information system at Starbucks should achieve alignment of processes, the use of hardware, the installation of the requisite software and the relevant flow of data from one end of the value chain to the other. At Starbucks it is therefore suggested that there should be a different approach for the flow of information and they must add value at every level of the supply chain. For this reason the staff ought to be trained in the right direction for understanding the whole processes at Starbucks in order to give the customers the best experience they can get anywhere else at affordable and competitive pricing. The information system at Starbucks can be made to use for procurement of supplies, the passing of the materials into the inventory, supplying and cooking section and to the counter where the items pass into the hands of the customers. In order to make this operation smooth and almost effortless the staff must be trained with skills in usage of the intranet and the Internet as well as lean management system. The basic idea is to get everyone right from the procuring stage to the customer service section the knowledge and skills are required of lean management system. Not only this, the staff at each level of function adds something of value by carefully monitoring the items that pass through his or her hands and add value to it. The ultimate product when it reaches the hands of the customers is one of rich and mind-boggling experience which the competitors would fail to do as it is Starbucks competitive strength. This culture once when imbued to all the areas of the Starbucks with the help of the fastest method in the form of unique software could become a marvel to its own employees as well as other stakeholders. The key determinant is how a brand is positioned and successful positioning involves associating the b rand to the category which the customers can easily recognize and quickly differentiate (Iacobucci, 2001). Aligning Corporate Goal with Lean Management The mission statement of Starbucks is to inspire and nurture the human spirit and in fact means one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time. The mission statement thus is quite ambitious for Starbucks and had not there been much of competition and every additional store that it established in one neighborhood made money for it then the mission is quite in line with practicality. However, this is not so for Starbucks has to buckle under the pressure of world wide recession and many of its stores had to close down. In order for the mission statement and its objective are made practical Starbucks would have to implement the lean management system at each stage and to put that into affect it must have a smooth information flowing system in place. As lean management would put a check into the wastage apart from adding quality and value to the product at every stage it would allow the mission and the objectives of the company to be achieved without any hindrance. Perhaps the lean ma nagement system being quite effective especially during crash crunch, there would be more liquidity infused into the system as well as there would be money available to fulfill the need for one store per neighborhood as per the mission statement. With proper checks in wastage through this system there would be better checks and controls over items that are not cost effective or which are not quite in line with Starbucks brand. Again, apart from quality the product looks and the way it is served should be appealing and this is also achieved by the staff who is involved in adding value to it. Product quality by itself does no make a sale for the customers must understand that the items they receive are of good quality and value (Reddy, 1994). Cost Benefits of Systems Change One of the chief factors for introducing lean management techniques at Starbucks is to control wastage and give priority to procurement of supplies and produce coffee beverages, snacks and other food products according to the demand. The software developed for the purpose would ensure the smooth function of the whole system so that neither there is any lag in quality of the product nor any wastage results out of it. In case of such careful alignment the functions of all departments in the supply chain remain uninterrupted and the end product attains a value that is truly an experience for the consumers. Again, by reducing the overall cost effectively the margins achieved are on the higher side and give the Starbucks Company the flexibility to manipulate the price and if need be can reduce it significantly enough which is not at all possible for the competition. The other advantage is that during peak season there would be enough liquidity for expansion plans, especially in emerging economies where the affect of recession has not been felt so badly. So even if the Starbucks management thinks of expanding further it would not face resource crunch. But the best of all in this system is the performance of staff which would be quite in line with mission statement of the company. The trained staff of Starbucks would be better placed in tackling any difficulties or problems and can be entrusted with even greater responsibilities. The very culture would pave way for work life balance as a whole with total quality management being the focal point in the behavior of staff. Apart from that the employees would work in a more efficient manner as they would be rewarded and promoted based on the systems efficiency. All these actions finally translate into increase customer service and further improve upon the customer service information by receiving feed backs such that the system is again made more efficient and productive. Implementation of the System The implementation of the lean management system could be made in a phased manner than in an abrupt manner. The fact is that Starbucks has already got a system in place which is quite good as far as the standards are concerned. But this does not necessitate the system to be perfect as the cost effectiveness of its operation along with total quality control is of primary importance. However, while introducing a system over that of another or scrapping one altogether may not be quite to the liking of the employees and even managers as they would have already made themselves comfortable with the older system. Besides, they would not want another system to be thrust upon them for there is no written guarantee of sorts whether the new system would perform better or worse. Besides, it is quite a well known fact in the industrial circles that redesigning and reengineering have backfired on several well known companies. Many of these companies have had success over time only after several ea rlier attempts at reengineering had proved to be futile. This naturally brings all sorts of apprehension in the minds of the employees and they might resist these by deliberate acts of underperformance or vociferously. Hence, on its part the management should be aware of these changes and try to implement them in a phased manner. In many instances the employees as rightfully seen are the first target as they may be shifted or transferred or even asked to leave. This may be good for the company, but it surely upsets any employee who has given honest service to the company for many years. With the proper implementation of mechanisms that would address such issues the management may make the move for change in the system and introduce in a phased manner the lean system of management. They should also form an ideal mutually acceptable condition for this change and all employees are to be made aware of the fact that the customers nowadays are more discerning than ever before and if the c ompany does not change or address this problem then it would have to down its shutter permanently. Customers are more discerning than they used to in the past when they purchased simply depending upon their whims and fancies (Griffin, 2002). This sums up that the customer is the most important person at the premise of the stores of Starbucks and that the customer satisfaction should be the objective of the company policies and any change to that end has to be implemented whether it is acceptable to the employees and the management or not. The new system which would be implemented in a phased manner can be done within a stipulated period of time of one year. In order to implement the lean management system a good project plan is required and the management must ensure that the proper project management software is used for the purpose. There are many types of software and the management as well as the other employees may be taken into confidence for the most suitable software after getting their feedback and response. The resulting software could be chosen in consultation with a software company to suit the business. One of the prerequisite part of the project planning which actually relates to work schedules and the period of time that is required for their completion can be derived from a Gantt chart. These again can be developed with the help of a good software company or if it is to be used for each individual store then the same could be downloaded from various websites. Under the project plan the scope of the pro ject is defined and then steps are taken and drafted for the completion of the same. That is various areas that require changes at Starbucks are stated and written down and these are then grouped in order the specific jobs could be allocated to individual employees. This can be more easily done with the help of a software program and the logical interrelationship between the different tasks like supplies, logistics, inventory, kitchen and counter can be very well defined with the help of a diagram drawn or charted in the computer and then passed on to various stores with the help of the Internet. Here, the management as well as the employees can quickly get an idea of the important parts of the system as well as their most critical areas. With the help of this project planning Starbucks management can estimate the cost of resources that are necessary under the lean management system and the cost of implementation of each type of activity. This would enable them to get the total project cost and which again would lead to trimming and pruning of the budgetary allowances and the cost of implementation by foregoing some areas while making the necessary changes in the others. Conclusion The Starbucks systems change by introducing lean management with the supplementary help from flow of information can be made into an effective tool for the overall growth of the organization, especially in retaining its large customer base and getting new ones. The system which is almost foolproof in nature is a concerted action on part of all level of employees and stakeholders in the supply chain. This redesign mitigates most of the fear that would have arisen had Starbucks lost a good number of its customers to its competitors. The risk of losing business is in fact greatly curtailed and Starbucks can look forward to a complete turnaround in its profitability and share value after the system is made operational. One of the most important factors in this type of lean management technique is the overall focus which would make the staff and the management even more involved as their benefits would soon be perceived at all stages of the company. There would be no paucity of funds for day to day operation or if Starbucks had wanted to introduce an item on no profit or no loss basis for creating more value and goodwill then the same could be done without much affect on the overall profits of the company. The introduction of kiosks and digital retailing solutions and self service kiosks which could be established anywhere could be implemented as they are all a perfect match to the system of lean management.

Dell Computer Supply Chain Management Essay -- Business Management

Dell Computer Supply Chain Management Table of Contents Executive Summary  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3 Focus of the Proposal  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4 Research and Analysis: Dell ¡Ã‚ ¯s Competitive Advantage  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6 Dell ¡Ã‚ ¯s IT Tools  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9 Dell ¡Ã‚ ¯s Business Model  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 Dell ¡Ã‚ ¯s IT Infrastructure  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18 Our Recommendations&nbs... ...bsp;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www1.us.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/michael/en/welcome?c=us&l=en&s=corp&~ck=mn. Dell courts customers online. Industry Week. April 3, 2000, Retrieved, April 4, 2004. Dell.com. Internet World. May 15, 2001, Retrieved, April 6, 2004. Dell speeds web site hosting setup, expands option; lower prices, availability of PowerApp servers broadens DellHost services. Edge: Work-Group Computing Report. May 22, 2000, Retrieved, April 5, 2004. Dell selects Altiris recover solution to provide desktop and notebook customers with integrated backup and disaster recovery. EDP Weekly's IT Monitor. August 18, 2003, Retrieved, April 5, 2004. New Servers: Dell defines a new combination of power and value with PowerEdge 1300 workgroup server. EDGE: Work-Group Computing Report, Retrieved, April 6, 2004.

Polymers :: essays research papers

Polymers are large molecules composed of smaller molecules called monomers. Monomers are produced and either grow together or are assembled to produce a single polymer. There are synthetic and natural polymers. Some examples of natural polymers would be wood, starches, fingernails, and hair. Synthetic polymers are usually referred to as plastics. Petroleum, is the primary monomer used to produce polymers. An English chemist named Alexander Parkes was the first scientist to produce the first synthetic polymer in 1862. John Wesley Hyatt, an American, was the first person to produce a useable polymer two years later. He named the product celluloid. The prime virtue of polymers is a high strength-to-weight ratio. Industrial-strength polymers surpass titanium in tensile strength. To add strength and improve flexibility, polymers are sometimes fortified with short-fiber additives, mostly fiberglass. This is known as a polymer composite. One particular polymer has three times the strength of tempered steel and is being used in bullet proof vests. Another composite will be used to fasten together the sections proposed space stations. Polymers have also been used in cars, including the Chevrolet Camaro and the Pontiac Fiero. New polymers are being created with more strength and flexibility by combing two chemically different polymers and producing a block copolymer. Combinations of block copolymers and composites and intended for use in booster rockets and in materials of Earth-orbiting installations. Most common polymers are usually solid, but a new class of polymers is being introduced in a liquid crystal state. Although these polymers still have the physical characteristics of liquid, they are structured more like solids. Many liquid crystals are transparent at one temperature and colored at another temperature. This makes them suitable for use in liquid crystal displays, such as in digital watches, hand-held calculators, and lap-top computers. A new liquid polymer, consisting of a mixture of iron and nickel, is being used to make metal links that can be used in paper, glass, and on electronic circuit boards. Despite the development and widespread use of

Gender Discrimination in Nursing :: Nursing Essays

Today, most people perceive nursing as a women profession. Men who enter this field have been looked at as outcasts. Many individuals feel that a man does not belong in a "feminine? profession. I believe that statement to be untrue and unfair. The issue of gender discrimination in nursing is the same as other professions. The only difference is nursing is dominated by women, and men are the minority fighting for equality. Gender or sex discrimination involves treating an employee or a class of employees differently because of gender. Whenever this discrimination affects the terms or conditions of employment, it is illegal. Gender-based disparate treatment of employees with regard to pay, title, position, hours worked and vacation time is generally considered illegal and morally wrong. Just 2.7 percent of the working nurse population in the United States are men. To understand why nursing is dominated by women we have to examine the it?s history. Male nurses may belong, but there?s still not many around. According to the U.S. Labor Department statistics, "6.7 percent of registered nurses were male"(statistics). Gender discrimination in nursing exists because of prejudices male students encounter in the classroom, in the workplace and with the patients. Over the years discrimination of males in the nursing has declined but just like racial discrimination it still exist. To understand gender discrimination in nursing we must first understand the past. Nursing was found in the 3rd century in ancient Rome and was dominated by men. (Gender) Since the 20th century women have dominated the nursing profession. (Gender) Actually in the 1917 American Nurse Association was founded, and no men where allowed. (Gender) The rule eventually changed in 1930, allowing men the right to be a nurse Classroom prejudice is my first reason of discrimination against male nurses. In an interview I conducted with Derrick Johnson a registered nurse he stated that "In most of "his" classes the curriculum and teaching styles where centered towards women"(Johnson). Johnson goes on to state that " While [he] was in nursing school he could never recall a time he read some thing in one of his textbooks referring to men as nurses"(Johnson). These examples given by Johnson proves that nursing educators fail to acknowledge the needs of male students. I myself am a sophomore in the Col lege of Nursing at the University of Cincinnati. In the year in and a half that I have attended this university I too have experience gender discrimination by professors in nursing.

Internet Connecting Point A to Point B Essay

How should an Internet connection be made for the current campus? Why did you select this option over the others? AT&T is the carrier providing service to the existing campus as well as the new campus. Examine the offerings for Internet access to select the one that should be used. (10 points) ST which is made by at&t is the most popular connector for multimode networks, like most buildings and campuses. It has a bayonet mount and a long cylindrical ferrule to hold the fiber. Most ferrules are ceramic, but some are metal or plastic. And because they are spring-loaded, you have to make sure they are seated properly. If you have high loss, reconnect them to see if it makes a difference. 2. How should the existing and new campus locations be connected to each other? (10 points) The Existing campus locations should be connected to each other via fiber optic cable. Fiber optic cables are less expensive, there is less signal degrading, Non-flammable, and last but not least extremely lightweight compares to the competitors. 3. Should the two locations share an Internet connection? (10 points) Yes. Paying for two separate internet connection methods would be pointless for this scenario. Sharing one connection is more cost effective. 4. Compare the advantages, disadvantages, and cost of fiber optic cable, 5 GHz wireless bridges, and free space optics as a means to interconnect the campus buildings to the IT wing of the Administration Building. (10 points) Fiber optic cable is more expensive of hardware and installation overall, but it is the fastest connection currently. Wireless bridges provide wireless connection, however if the proper precautions are not put into place there may be additional interference and signal loss. Free space  optics is perfect for smaller networks and cheap 5. What would be required to interconnect the existing campus and the new campus to each other using fiber optic cable laid within the hiking trail right of way? (10 points) Outdoor cables and enclosures such as Central tubes are definitely necessary.The central tube design consists of one Thermoplastic PBT buffer tube encasing individually colores fibers. These fibers are surrounded by gel for moisture resistance. The central buffer tube is also surrounded by water swellable fiberglass yarn for overall water resistance and added strength. 6. Examine the data shown on the DSL Line Utilization Report found in Doc Sharing. This is a typical bandwidth utilization report for ADSL line used to connect each building on the campus to the Internet. Keeping in mind that there are eight of these DSL lines connecting the campus buildings to the Internet will a higher speed connection be needed when these are consolidated into one connection? (10 points) Yes. A higher speed connection will be needed when everything is consolidated. The Utilization report shows bandwidth but doesn’t take into account the 8 lines. 7. If the two locations share an Internet connection will a single connection suffice for both sites? (10 points) It would be feasible but not comfortable or ideal. Ideally you would want one connection per site.

Ice Cream History

Nick Fri**** idiom 8th Informational Speech invoice of water drinking glass lam Introduction Welcome everyone, Im red to be talking to you about the business relationship of icing run down. The beginning of crank run down History -There was many stories that were told about who created screwball lick and when it was created. -The most popular allegory is that a Roman Emperor named Nero had his slaves drive him speed of light from the mountains and had honey, or fruit toppings poured everywhere it. However, pouring honey over snow is not actually making internal-combustion engine woof. Ice baste was most liable(predicate) brought from China back to Europe, because of King slap from China, had a system of cr have spyglass and milk combinations. Over time, recipes for ices, sherbets, and milk ices evolved from the French and the Italians. -After the sugariness was imported to the United disk operating systems, it was given to a lot of famous plurality, like do ubting Thomas Jefferson and George Washington. And it was even recorded that in the 1700s, that the governor of Maryland served ice baste to his guests. -The depression ice slam parlor in America opened in freshly York City in 1776. American colonists were the first to use the term ice puzzle out.The name came from the term iced cream which was standardized to iced tea. yet the name was in short abbreviated to ice cream. (Show Photo 3) Methods & applied science -The method of using ice compound with salt to lower and control the temperature of ice cream ingredients during its making was a major breakthrough in ice cream technology. -In 1846, Nancy Johnson created the hand-cranked freezer that established the basic method of making ice cream hush up used today. (Show Photo 1) -Before the hand-cranked freezer, Ice cream was make by hand in a large bowl placed inside a tub make full with ice and salt.This was called the pot-freezer method. The hand-cranked freezer of cour se was better, and it produced drum sander ice cream in a much quicker time. Ice slam Sodas -In the 1870s adding ice cream to soda was popular. They had gage floats, which was coca cola with vanilla extract ice cream and root beer floats, which were also cognize as brown cows. There was new(prenominal) flavors like Orange Float, and Purple cow, which is orange tree or grape soda with vanilla ice cream. (Show Photo 2) Sundae -Sundaes were in all probability named after the first day of the week. unrivalled popular tale was that many places censor selling sodas on Sunday.So one day, a person put ice cream and syrup in a dish, and the shitty result was a hit. Ice Cream Cone -No one really knows who made the first ice cream cone. But at the St. Louis World Fair, many people first saw ice cream in an eatable waffle-shaped cone. Eskimo Pie -The Eskimo Pie bar was created by Chris Nelson, an ice cream shop proprietor from Iowa. He came up with the idea in the spring of 1920, when a kid came into his store, and had a hard time choosing from an ice cream sandwich and a chocolate bar. So he created ice cream cover in chocolate on a stick. Health Issues Medical issues with ices and ice cream was and is ever changing. -In the 17th century more or less believed that its cold temperature would cause paralysis. And some govern it was just thing to cure scurvy, and positive weight loss. -In the 19th century it was believed that eating ice cream chilled the stomach and stop digestion. It was also considered a healthy cut across for children. -In the late 20th century, Americans blame ice cream for coronary artery disease. -Yet, in every era, praised or hated, it has been a much-loved dessert. inference -Thank you everyone for listening to me talk about the news report of Ice Cream and have a good day.Work Cited Bellis, Mary. Children making ice cream in Caswell County, North Carolina. n. d. About. com. Web. 06 Oct. 2012. Root Beer Floats. 12 Sept. 2012. Elk Grov e News. Web. 06 Oct. 2012. First American Ice Cream Parlor. n. d. snowball Machinery. Web. 07 Oct. 2012. Quinzio, Jeri. Of Sugar and Snow A History of Ice Cream Making. Berkeley, CA University of California, 2009. Print. Funderburg, Anne Cooper. Chocolate, Strawberry, and vanilla A History of American Ice Cream. Bowling Green, OH Bowling Green State University Popular, 1995. Print.

A Challenge to Traditional Theory

A argufy to traditionalistic watchfulness supposition Ed Weymes change Modern concern theories ar center oned on how psyches contri scarcee to institution and embodied military operation musical composition the feat of the chief decision turnr is bring d throwd by the governances ? nancial re debates and sh atomic number 18 price. term plaques sweep up the principles associated with total bore forethought, learning disposals, spirited doing brass sections and pass chemical equilibriumd score cards, the chief executives primary heighten is ? ated on retaining retain of the scheme to understand sh atomic number 18holder endureations. As we enter the youthful millennium the corporate dry land has been rocked by the s nookiedals involving Enron, Worldcom and Adelphia in the USA and in Europe by Parmalat and Mannes gentlemans gentlemann. These, and a force of other presidential terms, redeem been popularly criticised for fraudulent accounting prac tises or excessive ain gain for the chief executive and senior members of the validation temporary hookup creating a ? nancial catastrophe for employees and sh atomic number 18holders. The national no doggeder avows the corporate world.The World sparingal assemblys (2004) global surveys on cartel in 2004 and 2002 indicate that volumes cartel directs in global and large domestic companies remain in verity low with less than 10 per cent of respondents reporting a lot of combining in these institutions operating(a) in the best interests of association. (The results for 2004 show almost benefit over 2002. ) In Europe, the pattern of corporate soci subject certificate of indebtedness (CSR) is the correction of legion(predicate) boardroom discussions and in the USA the Dow J atomic number 53s publishes a CSR proponent on the enter that legion(predicate) investors be duplicityve ? ms who practice companionable responsibility mastervide burst long terminus ? nanc ial returns. The intent of CSR is to add think of to decree, to leave the world in a better position for our grandchildren by relieve unmatched egotisming environ mental and genial responsibilities into the traditional stinting equation. Proponents of CSR cl heading that this near go a fashion restore public trust and respectability in the corporation, enchantment the non-believers evidence that the beliefs of CSR solo re? ect ap masterpriate prototypes of corporate governance and on that point is no deprivation for CSR as a separate huntment.Twenty days ago exchangeable sen flecknts were expressed about shade just now the quality movement watchd that the apprehension is now a requirement besides non suf? cient hold for stiff competition. As we enter the twenty-? rst century the concept of corporate citizenship has captured the wariness not unless of corporate leaders unless in like manner order. The corporate s terminatedals associated with Enron in the USA and Parmalat in Europe together with the collapse of Arthur Anderson, the respecting accounting, auditing and consulting global giant, The motive Ed Weymes is Associate Professor at the University of Waikato way civilise, Hamilton, cutting Zealand.Keywords heed opening, Philosophy, Social responsibility airlift This paper take exceptions the ism netherlying traditional steering thinking. The historic and possibly ar freightere conclude of championship, to maximize sh beholder wealth, is no yearner a germane(predicate) proposition. Academics and managers consume to rethink the philosophic frame take form of charge speculation. For the past 50 years the anxiety literary subject fields has pick out a to a greater extent piece cordial onslaught to the centering of systems yet the enormousness of dusts and move and per impressance measurers associated with the scienti? c guess of centering prevails.With the exploitation importance of noesis fo ot and the corporate affable responsibility movement it is timely to re? ect on the purpose of melodic line as adding value to parliamentary law and rejecting the condense on accumulation of in the flesh(predicate) wealth. Knowledgecreating enterprises ar thatt oned on the learning of sustainable relationships indoors the arranging and with stakeholders and thus require a distinct philosophic lieu. Electronic access The Emerald Re stress Register for this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/ exploreregister The current issue and bountiful text archive of this journal is available at www. meraldinsight. com/1463-6689. htm expectation strength 6 Number 6 2004 pp. 338-348 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited ISSN 1463-6689 DOI 10. 1108/14636680410569911 338 A contend to traditional counsel surmise pre imaging spate 6 Number 6 2004 338-348 Ed Weymes has signi? keeptly reduced world spacious public trust in the corporate community. In the rece nt World Economic Forum (2004) survey on trust, only 7 per cent of respondents reported that global companies operate in the best interests of fiat. While this ? gure is a sm every last(predicate) told onward communicate over the 2002 survey public trust in the corporate community is low.Organisations ar seen as pro? t generating and wealth enhancing for the select some. The scale of the public outcry against unethical deportment has turned the play up towards the importance of corporate citizenship, ensuring that giving medications digest on brotherly and milieual issues as well as the stinting returns. Public attention bulges to be less foc apply on unmarried wealth construct merely on the manner in which wealth is cookd. Individuals who effort others for personal gain or who exploit nine or the environment for their give birth advantage wholeow for not be tolerated.In 2003 a Price waterhouseCoopers (2003a) survey free-base that 75 per cent of chief execut ive of? cers (chief operating officers) surveyed express they would forgo short-term pro? ts in guild to implement a sustainability programme. Yet the t anylight of the business news remains stock foodstuff exertion and shargon price. Despite the move towards a great focus on deal in the face and concern for the environment, musical arrangements remain numbers control and subject to the vagaries of the ? nancial markets. Chief executives measure their success by their electrical shock on EPS and not their contri thoion to the amicable or environmental issues.But todays CEO also nets the core competence of the organisation lies in the noesis and skills of its battalion. Gone ar the days when product design, intersection surgical operation or customer service could hold competitive advantage. It is the skills and abilities of the some consistency supply members that grade the rising day of the organisation. gum olibanum, the organisation essential(prenomi nal)iness ensure staff ar contendd and suitably avengeed and today we see organisations offering beautiful remuneration packages including child c atomic number 18 and a host of other bene? ts.But ar such packages attractive if they argon astute to buy the soul of the employee and not build trust amongst the idiosyncratics at heart the organisation? instantly the chief executive is challenged with the labour of building trust and integrity in the organisation. When trust pervades the organisation in that location is lading from the staff and support from the external community. deposit is ground on pieced set and value systems lie at the heart of gracious doings, demeanor that cannot be set aboutled by dint of with(predicate) systems and processes, the traditional operating standard for many organisations.If corporate social responsibility is vested in gaining the trust of stakeholders, inside and outdoor(a) the organisation, jibely the profound philo sophy essential be based on the organisations ability to build relationships. Relationships atomic number 18 naturalised mingled with volume and cannot be mandated by strict alliance to systems and processes. The volume inwardly the organisation must subscribe to the determine of the organisation and those extracurricular the organisation must admire those set. The organisation must be value driven.Thus the organisation that espouses corporate social responsibility must develop an environment where race in the organisation stimulate together in a harmonious manner and external stakeholders form an emotional connection with the organisation spell maintaining its commitment to the ? nancial investors. Traditionally, the quandary of the CEO has been described as reconciliation plowholder demands with achieving longevity or sustainability. Perhaps the dilemma should be rewritten providing an environment that espouses somebody emancipation charm ensuring the ? ancial and non-? nancial targets of the organisation argon met. Individual liberty contri alone(predicate)es the root for creative thinking, innovation and building trust among souls within and outside the organisation. Critics would argue that in an environment where mortal freedom abounds, anarchy prevails. Organisations direct mold, plainly controls, when obligate from above, can dictate behaviour and restrict creativeness. motion criteria forgeting remain rudimentary factors in the heart of the organisation and the longevity of the CEO.However, the organisation and its senior executives need to shift their focus from one that is numbers based to one vested in the appointment of an environment designed to build trust and to maintain the appropriate exercise measures which argon acceptable to its staff. Thus the dilemma ferments not control or one-on-one freedom scarcely control with the ability for psyche ego-expression. In the atomic number 99 this is seen as the balance between the yang (bright) and the yin (dark). This paper explores how such a balance whitethorn be r for each one in an organisation.Challenging traditional focus possibility While Descartes (Scruton, 2002, p. 3) is often cited as the father of modern philosophy the roots of philosophy can be traced cover charge to Plato (Scruton, 2002, p. 3) and his scholar Aristotle (Vanier, 2001, p. 2). Their literary works on human personality, gentleness and their search for a human identity hushed conceive relevance today. tender-hearted behaviour is vested in the personist merely humaneness, human nature, is presented as rapture, a deservingness that cannot be achieve in isolation. For Plato, the guiding nature of a relationship is to be found in love and friendship 39 A challenge to traditional caution theory foresight tawdriness 6 Number 6 2004 338-348 Ed Weymes through and through friendship we seek to reform ourselves and help others to improve. Aristotle come along veritable this point when he described human nature as the ripe(p) to which all things aim. As human beings we strive to do advantageously and slap-up actions enkindle happiness a virtuousness that Aristotle describes as the keystone of human behaviour, the completed activity. gladness is the virtue that bestows come on ourselves and on others. It was Marxs (Scruton, 2002, p. 23) mess of the one-on-one being constituted through social activities, de? ned as labour language, customs and institutions (speci? cally scotchal institutions), that was to move philosophical theory away from relationships and towards individual temporal gains. Adam Smith (Scruton, 2002, p. 224) attempted to demonstrate that free exchange and accumulation of private property, under the guidance of self-interest, not only pre attend tos justness but also parents the social wellbeing as a whole, reciprocateing existing needs and guaranteeing stability. This subtle, but signi? ant, shift in philosophical focus from human relationships to individual personal gains in? uenced the training of the theory of bureaucratism, whose purpose was to manipulate and control the behaviour of many for the gain of the few, a philosophy in comport opposition to that of Aristotle and others. The social landscape of the Western economies in the primordial 1900s was being change as the industrial revolution gained momentum and the capitalist clubhouse emerged. Organisations were, and to some extent remain, characterised by a hierarchy of authority, nonpersonal rules that de? e duties, standardised procedures, promotion based on strikement and specialised labour. Those responsible for the operation of these facilities essential a system to control behaviour. Weber opined that bureaucratism was capable of attaining the highest degree of ef? ciency and the most lucidly cognize means of exercising authority over human beings. F. W. Taylor (1911) removeed this philosophy, underdeveloped the scienti? c glide path to caution, which give tongue to that jobs could be speci? ed, work methods improved and rationalised through grouchy(prenominal) study and scienti? c analysis.The driving force of the organisation was ef? ciency, change magnitude output and the wealth of the owners. Employees were not to be trusted and take stringent controls to ensure their behaviour was focussed on cast upd productiveness. The era of command and control had arrived and the footpad barons prospered with personal fortunes being amassed by the select few. Human rights were ignored as were environmental concerns with many factories polluting the land, water and air in their vicinity. As early as the 1950s the Tavistock Institute in England and the Quality of Working Life inSweden were challenging this mechanical rise to organisation structure. Douglas McGregor (1960) challenged the scienti? c approach to forethought in his book The Human Side of Enterprise. sys tem X postulated that stack had to be driven by extrinsic rewards, by punishment or by bureaucratic control. Theory Y opined that individuals could be per se motivated by interesting work and could be directed and managed by their own behaviour. For the next 40 years, theory Y was to be treated as the soft side of management while legitimate ? ms, whose motive was to maximise shareholder wealth, sought operative ef? ciencies through speci? ed procedures and rigid controls. The period 1945 to early 1970 was one of growth and expansion in the West. Markets were growing and the multinational ? rm became open. Pro? ts grew, not by gains in market share but by change magnitude market size. Inef? ciencies and poor management practices were hidden. Then in the mid-1970s the ? rst oil shock occurred. Poor management practices were exposed. The pricy times were over and the West struggled to readjust to the new market conditions.The new approaches to management The 1980s truism the introduction of the total quality management movement, founded by W. E. Deming (1982), which promoted a participative style of management. Although Deming was a statistician he believed that a new approach to management was unavoidable to replace the scienti? c approach to management with its associated systems and procedures. At the end of WWII, he volunteered to travel to Japan to avail in the reestablishment of Nipponese Industry. Here he could implement his new concepts that were forgetingly adopted by the Japanese ? rms.In 1979, Demings work in Japan was send off on American television and overnight TQM became the rescuer for American industry. By the early 1980s productivity in the West was abysmal and the US politics introduced the Baldridge Quality Awards in 1987 to promote the importance of quality. These quality awards demand since been adopted rough the world and are based on the 14 criteria speci? ed by Deming. In 1990, Peter Senge (1990) published his book The twenty percent Discipline which was to challenge the scienti? c theory of management by introducing the concept of systems theory to organisational design.While the scienti? c theory was founded on the assumption that an organisation was a closed system, where activities within organizations could be broken down into distinguishable activities, systems 340 A challenge to traditional management theory foresight Volume 6 Number 6 2004 338-348 Ed Weymes thinking was suggesting the organization should be considered as an open system and not a series of discrete parts. The writings of Charles Handy, Margaret Wheatley, Peter Drucker and a superfluity of others beget back up the work of Senge.By the mid-1990s, the concept of the high consummateance organisation had emerged. Every CEO wanted to be a HPO but at that place was no universal de? nition of high instruction execution. Like quality this was something that could be recognize but which escaped de? nition. However, Edw ard Lawler (1996) did present vi principles that captured the essence of the HPO (1) organisation can be the supreme competitive advantage (2) involvement can be the most ef? cient form of control (3) all employees must add signi? cant value (4) lateral processes are the key to organisational ef? iency (5) organisations should be designed around products and customers (not functions) and (6) effective leadership is the key to organisational leadership (Lawler, 1996, p. 22). For over 20 years organisations cave in espoused the principles of TQM, they have re-engineered the organisation and purported to be high performers. Organisational theory appears to be spurning the scienti? c approach to management. Cloke and Goldsmith (2002) titled their book The End of care and the Rise of Organizational Democracy Autocracy, hierarchy, bureaucracy and management are gradually being replaced by democracy, ? t, coaction and self managing teams. Permanent, stockpiled, one -size-? ts-all poli cies are giving way to modern, just-in-time, evolving, made to order initiatives. Silos and competitive departments are being deconstructed into living evolving webs of association. Isolated, cynical, immature, apathetic employees are being transform into connected, motivated, value driven, responsible employee owners (Cloke and Goldsmith, 2002, p. 4). forthwith the social evolutionary process appears to be increasingly dominated by set and emotions and less by individual goal-orientated rationality.As the head of Phillips (2002, p. 2) states frameing sustainable development into our business processes is the net opportunity. By its very nature the journey towards sustainability requires the kind of uncovering thinking that results in sure innovation. It calls for partnerships and true cooperation as well as open open duologue with stakeholders inside and outside the company. The command and control environment was designed to interchange or control behaviour and not to bu ild trust between individuals through the formation of sustainable relationships. Relationships develop when there is a sharing of alues, attitudes and beliefs between the people in the organisation. Those within the organisation subscribe to the values and those outside the organisation admire the values. Thus relationships are established between people and cannot be mandated by systems and processes. At the turn of the twentieth century, competitive advantage was in? uenced by an organisations ability to produce healthys ef? ciently the exertion era. The production deliver the goodsnce was followed by the market economy, the service economy and today competitive advantage is determined by an organisations ability to develop intellectual property the knowledge economy.When knowledge creation becomes the key to competitive advantage an organisation needs to nourish an environment where individual creativity and innovation can ? ourish. Such an environment can be established when the individuals in the organisation are committed to the purpose of the organisation, when the organisation is driven by common values and shared beliefs, when the fear of failure has been eliminated and the individuals within the organisation do not feel constrained by rules and regulations, systems and processes.But organisational performance remains vested in key performance indicators. For public companies, shareholder expectation drives performance and the future of the CEO. The ? nancial press remains focussed on stock market performance and corporate ? nancial results remain the highlights of the business news. When an organisation is numbers driven, systems and processes are designed to ensure that targets are achieved. But such measurers in? uence and constrain individual behaviour, thus limiting the opportunity for creativity and innovation.If the reader accepts the above three expounds the move to a people focused organisation, the move to kick upstairs creativity and the restoration of public con? dence, then the dilemma of the chief executive can be rewritten to, providing an environment that espouses individual freedom and bene? ts society while ensuring the ? nancial and non-? nancial targets of the organisation are met. If such an approach is adopted the focus of the organisation must be transformed from the traditional concepts associated with bureaucracy, to a philosophy vested in humaneness.A people focused organisation that facilitates the generation of new and innovative approaches, cheers a harmonious working environment and builds trust and integrity for all stakeholders. A new philosophical approach is need to provide the asylum of management theory, one which is not based on the bolshy perspective, that individuals are focussed on materialism and pursuance self ful? lment, but one 341 A challenge to traditional management theory foresight Volume 6 Number 6 2004 338-348 . . Ed Weymes focussed on a social perspective vest ed in the norms and values of society.Thus we appear to be faced with a dilemma. Human nature is vested in individual freedom and the need for the individual to abide their heart according to their own values but society, in which the individual lives, can only be managed through the bridal of systems and procedures. Since both arguments are correct no one single Western philosophy can be applied to manage todays society which requires a perspective that balances the need for individual freedom with rules and regulations required to ensure an orderly society. . . To love men the equivalent of benevolence.Only the man of humanity knows how to love people and to hate people to hate evil. To be humble in private disembodied spirit, be serious in handling affairs and to be loyal in dealing with others. To master oneself and return to correctitude is humanity. To pound the sel? sh desires within ourselves, to cultivate the chief and heart within ourselves so it can be stockpil eed to all(prenominal) aspect of our life allowing good allow for to ? ow to others. eastern philosophy While there is no one dominant Eastern philosophy the region has provided a mosaic of philosophical perspectives on life and the essence of life.From Hindu to Dao, from Islam to Tao from Buddhism to Confucianism there may be few common themes and while all are religions, Confucianism is considered to be to a greater extent(prenominal) of a philosophy than a belief. headmaster Kung (Confucius) was born into a poor noble family in 552BC in the State of Lu in China. This was a period on Chinas report known as the hundred schools with teachers wandering from townsfolk to town expounding their theories on how the various rulers could improve their ? efdom. Sun Tzu taught the art of warfare and strategy while Kungs teaching methods were of a more philosophical nature.Popular Confucianism emphasises family values dignity, diligence and education, where there is no disparity bet ween the self-cultivation of the individual and the interests of the community. The individual and the community are part of one harmonious whole stand for in Confucian philosophy as Li (rituals) and Ren (benevolence or humaneness). Chief executives are faced with the balance between individual freedom (Ren) and the need to achieve shareholder expectations through the application of systems (Li).Traditionally, the focus has been on the development of systems but perhaps it is time to turn our attention to the people in the organisation. The work of Confucius suitable this approach to prescribe an ordered ad sustainable society. Confucius considered Ren (humaneness) to be at the centre of his teaching while many of his scholars, including Mencius, placed correspond emphasis on the Ren and Li. Ren is not considered to be a virtue but the sound virtue that de? nes human nature.Translations of Ren allow benevolence, perfect virtue, human heartedness and humanity. While the concept was never clear de? ned by Confucius the following are considered representative de? nitions (Liu, 1998, p. 17) Confucius presents a perspective similar to the early Western philosophers, from the writings of Aristotle (Vanier, 2001, p. 7), who upholds us to look within ourselves to ? nd that cozy structure to act correctly and speak the truth, to Kant (Scruton, 2002, p. 155) who opined that we are all of equal importance to others around us.In Confucianism, humaneness can only be pictured inside a relationship, the humane man, desiring to establish himself, seeks to establish others desiring himself to succeed, helps others to succeed. To judge others by what one knows of oneself is a method of achieving humanity (Liu, 1998, p. 18). Similar sentiments are re? ected in the work of Plato and Kant who encourage us to improve ourselves by helping others to improve. Thus Ren can be de? ned as . a benevolent attitude towards people . the realisation of the intrinsic value of each ind ividual life and . resolute commitment to an judgementl principle. Confucius developed this humane approach to how a ruler should lead his people (or how an organisation should manage its staff) arguing that the moral determine of the self and the well being of the people cannot be separated. He suggested that when the people are governed by righteousness and punishment they will avoid vituperatedoing but will have no whizz of honour or shame. But when the ruler leads with virtue and governs by the rules of propriety they will have a sense of shame and more over set themselves right.From the organisational perspective while staff may conform to confirmingly charged systems and processes they may lack the commitment to the organisation that is required to allow innovation and creativity to ? ourish. Confucius key outd that individuals live within a society governed by the rules of propriety (Li). However, these rules should not be imposed from above, as in a bureaucratic org anisation, where rules are designed to modify and control behaviour. The rules of society or an organisation should be vested in Ren so that the members of society or the organisation accept the rules and laws as those that de? e acceptable behaviour. 342 A challenge to traditional management theory foresight Volume 6 Number 6 2004 338-348 Ed Weymes Eastern philosophy provides a perspective where the behaviour of the individual is seen as a harmonistic balance between the individual and how that individual interacts in social relationships. Confucianism provides a philosophy that unites the individual right to choose their own urgency while allowing for the appropriate controls and regulations associated with a heterogeneous and technologically driven society.The framework, associated with the bureaucratic organisation and traditional management theory, was designed to control behaviour. Modern management theory and practice has demonstrated that bureaucracy is no longer an eff ective representative. Similarly the demise of the market economy, posited by Marx has also proved to be invalid. Today we cannot rely on one philosophical model to provide a framework for organisation design, since individual freedom must be tempered with bureaucratic controls. The relationship between Ren and Li possibly provides a model that may resolve the dilemma.East meets West great(p) thinkers from opposite ends of the earth interested in the corresponding question What constitutes right and wrong and what behaviours contribute to a good society? The similarities in their conclusions are peculiar . the value and importance of ideals moons and visions . the love of learning . the need for self improvement . out attitude towards and intervention of other people is all-important(a) . to scan others we must understand ourselves humaneness . we improve ourselves by improving others . pursuit of wisdom and virtue will lead to the good life and . elationships are the key to happiness honesty Confucius and the early Western philosophers including Aristotle, Kant and Shaftsbury perceived the need for a relationship between the family and the state and argued that shared values and ideals were central to all relationships. The role of education was appreciate as the key to self-improvement and living a virtuous life. Both Eastern and Western philosophers believed that individuals seek to do good and that by becoming more virtuous a person could improve their life.Similarly there was an agreement that individuals must seek the courage to do the right thing. Through education, wisdom is attained and the offset point for attaining wisdom is self knowledge. Recognising not only what we know but also what we do not know is the key to the appropriate use of knowledge and to prevent errors attaind by ignorance. Confucius considered goodness or humaneness to be an individual quality present in, but seldom realised by, the individual. The distractions and lures of life prevent us from attaining our in full potential.We want to be good, to be seen to be good but the temptation to be sel? sh often overpowers our intentions. ripe as the CEO wants to create a socially responsible company but a petty creative accounting will just increase the share price and thus make the business so a great deal easier and the personal rewards so much(prenominal) greater. While there are many similarities in the teachings of Eastern and Western philosophers there is one natural difference. Aristotle believed personal behaviour humaneness is focussed on the individual with her own responsibility for selfdiscipline.Personal behaviour did not extend into the social relationships encountered by the individual. This concept remained valid until the writings of Marx when there appears to be a shift from a societal focus to focus on material gains. Recent Western philosophical writings Taylor (1991) are returning to the societal focus with an emphas is on the concept of authenticity. Conversely, Confucius opined that the rules for correct behaviour were social controls, which maintained the social graces resulting in the appropriate manners and demeanour of the individual.In the West we value the individual and claim that the individual has control over her behaviour. The net result of the behaviour dictates how social relationships and society behave. pocket Weber took this approach to the extreme with his social philosophical writings a century ago that culminated in the rise of bureaucracy and the metrical foot of management thinking. While modern management thinking has challenged this approach for the past 50 years a philosophical framework has yet to be established to justify the theoretical excogitations associated with building an organisation based on values and relationships.The Eastern philosophies provide a perspective where the behaviour of the individual is seen as a harmonistic balance between the individual and how that individual interacts in social relationships. The original writings of Plato and more recent Western philosophers would not disagree with this approach but it is a philosophical framework that contradicts the work of Max Weber and challenges the foundation of traditional management theory. 343 A challenge to traditional management theory foresight Volume 6 Number 6 2004 338-348Ed Weymes launching an organisation on values and relationships the implications (the humane organisation) The concepts of CSR, together with modern management thinking and curiously the move to a knowledge economy is paltry management thinking away from the bureaucratic integrated organization, relying on systems and processes towards a management style vested in relationships. Thus, if the key success factor for a palmy organization is its ability to build relationships and not in the main to generate (excessive) pro? s the foundation for management theory should start with the pre-requ isites necessary for the development of relationships and emotions lie at the heart of relationships. Table I shaping and destructive states of mind Constructive states of mind Build Create Self-respect Con? dence Self-esteem righteousness Integrity Trust Com exasperation Passion allegiance Honesty Benevolence Ambition Generosity demand Loyalty Love Destructive states of mind Build Create Low self-esteem Over-con? dence Jealousy irresponsibleness Dislike Mistrust Sel? hness Negativity Meanness guile Hatred Self-ambition Alienation Complaints Source Flanagan, cited in Goleman (2003, chapter 3). Emotions and relationships The rood-tree de? nition of emotion can be traced back to motion and direction to every force there is an equal and opposite force. Thus emotions can be good and bad, positive and interdict, constructive and destructive. Professor Owen Flanagan (Goleman, 2003, p. 59) argued that bad, negative or destructive emotions are those that are calumnious to oneself or others contrary to human nature.He also supports the philosophical view, which goes back to the time of Plato and Confucius, that emotion and temperament are constantly pulling us in different directions. Take, for lesson, the case of the demise of Barings cant come off Leeson the Barings Bank futures trader based in Singapore enjoyed the good life and was soon earning a signi? cant aid on futures trading in Asia. But as the markets changed Leeson needed funds to cover his exposure. By establishing erroneousness Account 88888 he was able to expose the argot to debts of eight hundred million British Pounds.Personal avaritia and a lack of compassion together with poor systems in the Bank caused one of the greatest banking scandals of all times. Throughout ? ? the debacle Leeson did not see anything wrong with his behaviour. His values and beliefs supported his actions but the only bene? ciary was Nick Leeson (Gapper and Denton, 1997). converse situation is depicted in William Goldings (1959) ecclesiastic of the Flies with its basic themes being that society holds everyone together, and without these conditions, our ideals, values, and the basics of right and wrong are lost.Without societys rigid rules, anarchy and savagery can come to light. On the island we observe mistrust, self-ambition, deceit and irresponsibleness destroying the social norms that once bonded the group of schoolboys. Jealousy, dislike and closeness destroyed a society. As human beings we have a choice. We can attempt to work completely in the pursuit of our own personal happiness and success or we can work with others. The roaring option is to work alone but we will not inspire con? dence or trust in those around us in the long term. We will have joined the schoolboys on their desolate island.Building relationships is every individuals social responsibility. The foundation for constructive relationships Emotions are determined by attitudes, beliefs, values and feelings, which are re? ected in personality and dictate the individuals ability to form relationships. accept the premise that dreams and goals can best be attained by working with others the ? rst key lesson in developing a sustainable organization is for all staff to be aware of their own strengths and limitations, of how they react in certain situations and understand why they experience picky emotional reactions in particular situations.As part of the self-discovery process individuals are able to de? ne their own personal inspirational dream to verbalise their purpose in life. there are many examples of personal dreams Martin Luther superpowers famous speech I have a dream, or J. F. Kennedy, . . . this nation will land a man on the stargaze before the end of the decade. Kennedy had no idea of how America was going to put a man on the moon but his challenge provided the impulsion for the NASA scientists to exceed their personal best. There is always the temptation to take the easy way out but is it the right way? aroused responses drive individual feelings and dictate the nature of relationships in society. Flanagan has classi? ed these positive and negative emotions as constructive and destructive states of mind which have been summarised in Table I. Individuals who are seen as con? dent, responsible and trustworthy possess integrity, selfesteem and compassion. They are people who are committed to a dream or a vision that is focussed on improving the life of those around them. The 344 A challenge to traditional management theory foresight Volume 6 Number 6 2004 338-348 Ed WeymesThe process of identifying and formulating a personal dream (see Figure 1) requires insights into individual values and identi? es the strengths to build upon. The dream represents the individuals purpose and destiny in life with its magnitude only limited by ambition, by passion and con? dence of that person. Once the dream is identi? ed it must be shared with others. Rarely can we achie ve our dream single-handed. Thus the dream should create purpose and meaning for others. Sel? sh dreams, dreams that are designed to promote the dreamholder alone are less likely to be adopted by others since there is scant(p) in it for them.Dreams that go beyond the individual and represent a challenge for others are more likely to be shared. Albert Schweitzer is credited with the following averment on visions or dreams I do not know what your destiny will be, but one thing I do know. The only ones among you who will be sincerely yours happy are those who have sought and found how to serve. The process of self-discovery provides an sagaciousness of how and why individuals react in certain situations. hatful with a high level of selfawareness recognise the danger signs associated with disruptive emotions and are more likely to keep these emotions in check.These are the people we turn to in a moment of crisis knowing that they will give a Figure 1 Identifying and formulating a personal dream measured and reasoned response to the situation, not an impulsive reaction. They are the people we trust, people of integrity. They do not criticise but ask questions, gather the facts and seek advice before fashioning a measured response. They are re? ective thinkers. They are the people we admire and interact with. They may be parents, lovers, mentors or ordinary individuals who we turn to in time of need.People who possess a clear understanding of their emotions and their jar on others also possess the ability to recognise the emotional state of those around them. They are people who are skilled in reading body language and recognise the impact that particular sight and situations can create in those around them. They understand the mood and the pulse of the situation and are able to bring forth the best from those around them. The characteristics of self-awareness, self worth and social worth provide the drivers for the science of high levels of emotional inte lligence (see Goleman et al. 2002) and provide the foundation for sustainable relationships. They also provide the basis for establishing a dream and a destiny but more importantly providing the ability to share the dream and have others buy into the dream. Some writers may argue that these characteristics provide the skills to motivate people but motivation is a process that causes people to 345 A challenge to traditional management theory foresight Volume 6 Number 6 2004 338-348 Ed Weymes act in a particular way. Thus an individual may be motivated to undertake a particular task by the promise of a reward or to avoid an unpleasant consequence.Individuals may be motivated to obey rules through a system of reward or fear of punishment (the foundation of theory X). Thus an individual may be motivated to perform a task to which they have no commitment. Commitment is achieved when the individual believes in the task and is inspired by the potential results (the foundation for theory Y). Thus inspiration is more important than motivation. People are inspired when they believe in the cause they are working towards. To be inspirational required the individual to share their dream and the wider the scope of the dream the greater the potential for people to buy into the dream.Dreams that promote an individual or an organisations stakeholders alone will have little meaning for many of the people employed in the organisation. While a pro? t maximising goal may inspire the pension funds and individual stockholders it does little to motivate the individual on the shop ? oor who will receive the same compensation irrespective of share price. But an organisational dream that seeks to promote a better society has meaning for all those connected with the organisation and thus creates a purpose that can be shared by all in the organisation.An example of such a dream or vision can be foun in Merck and Co. s organisational vision (www. merck. com/overview/philosophy. html) Mi ssion The mission of Merck is to provide society with quality products and services innovations and solutions that improve the quality of life and satisfy customer needs to provide employees with meaty work and advancement opportunities and investors with a superior rate of return. Our values (1) Our business is preserving and improving human life. All of our actions must be measured by our success in achieving this goal.We value above all our ability to serve everyone who can bene? t from the appropriate use of our products and services, thereby providing lasting consumer satisfaction. (2) We are committed to the highest standards of ethics and integrity. We are responsible to our customers, to Merck employees and their families, to the environments we inhabit, and to the societies we serve worldwide. In discharging our responsibilities, we do not take professional or ethical shortcuts. Our interactions with all segments of society must re? ect the high standards we profess. 3) We are dedicated to the highest level of scienti? c chastity and commit our research to improving human and animal(prenominal) health and the quality of life. We strive to identify the most critical needs of consumers and customers, we devote our resources to meeting those needs. (4) We expect pro? ts, but only from work that satis? es customer needs and bene? ts humanity. Our ability to meet our responsibilities depends on maintaining a ? nancial position that invites investment in leading-edge research and that makes possible effective delivery of research results. 5) We recognize that the ability to excel to most competitively meet societys and customers needs depends on the integrity, knowledge, imagination, skill, transition and teamwork of employees, and we value these qualities most highly. To this end, we strive to create an environment of mutual respect, encouragement and teamwork a working environment that rewards commitment and performance and is responsive to the n eeds of employees and their families. The organisations dream or vision creates passion and pride in those working for and associated with the organisation.Collins and Porras (1994, p. 55) suggest that companies, which only focused on pro? tability, did not perform as well as those whose focus transcended stintingal considerations Pro? t is a necessary condition for existence and a means to more important ends, but it is not the end in itself for many of the visionary companies. Pro? t is like oxygen, food, water and blood they are not the point of life, but without them there is no life. Pro? ts do not inspire the individuals in the organisation and they reward only the select few.Visions or dreams that go beyond the economic considerations inspire those in the organisation and those associated with the organisation. Visions that encompass environmental and social concepts as well as economic considerations. A revised philosophical perspective for management theory Pricewaterhous eCoopers (2003b) de? nes a sustainable business enhances long shareholder value by addressing the needs of all its relevant stakeholders and adding economic, environmental and social value through its core business functions. A sustainable organisation has . a clear purpose beyond pro? . is driven by shared values and . and supported by systems and processes. Proponents of sustainable organisations argue that these organisations require breakthrough thinking that results in true innovation. It also calls for partnerships and cooperation as well as open honest dialogue with stakeholders inside and outside the company (Philips, 2002). They argue that these are not organisations driven by pro? t 346 A challenge to traditional management theory foresight Volume 6 Number 6 2004 338-348 Ed Weymes maximisation but are organisations that will forego short-term pro? to ensure longer-term shareholder value. They are organisations that build trust and create an glory of authenticity, buil ding a harmonious and family-like work environment. They are organisations driven by a purpose, values and beliefs that can be accepted by a wide range of societal interest groups and they are organisations that encourage innovation. Such characteristics are not unique to sustainable organisations but are the criteria that have been referenced by many of the writers of modern management theory. There is a danger that the sceptics of sustainable organisation will focus on the pro? ability criteria arguing that an organisation will always be driven by a pro? t perspective. Return on investment has always been a signi? cant performance criterion and many organisations have found to their impairment that cost reduction increases short-term pro? tability but does little for long term sustainability. While the concept of the sustainable organisation sharpens the focus of modern management thinking the key issue concerns the relevance of traditional management thinking. Traditional manage ment theory has been create on the command and control model developed by Frederick Taylor and based on the work of Max Weber.For Weber the purpose of business was to maximise shareholder wealth. This strategy could be achieved by viewing the organisation as a closed system, subdivided into discrete units with each unit focussed only on its own activities. Staff were required to follow speci? ed procedures and innovation was not encouraged. Systems and processes, rules and regulations, dictated the pulse of the organisation. Return on investment, economic value added and share price are the metrics that dominate discussions relating to corporate performance yet modern management theories have focussed on the human side of the business for the past 50 years.Most authors and corporate leaders agree that the age of the bureaucratic organisation is past. Yet the numbers still dictate performance. The daily business reports focus on share price ? uctuations and pro? t warnings and rarel y do they report on an organisations performance on environmental or social issues. In 1999 Dow Jones launched a sustainability index to monitor the performance of ? rms engaged in sustainability projects. The rational behind this move was based on the premise that more investors are seeking to diversify their portfolio to include ? rms that have long term environmental and social issues as part of their philosophy.While it is unlikely that ? nancial performance measures will be replaced in the short term, organisations and investors now recognise that while pro? ts are important, how the pro? ts are obtained is a greater concern. A singular focus on pro? t maximisation is driven by a rigid adherence to prescribe systems and processes, requiring a highly disciplined workforce nimble to follow orders without question. Communication is uni-directional and innovation discouraged. Mistakes and errors are ascribed to individuals and a climate of fear pervades the organisation.Performan ce targets are speci? ed and the learning of the targets dictates individual performance. The Kaplan and Norton (1996) balanced score card is used to prescribe individual and organisation performance standards. victor is de? ned as an organisations ability to make the numbers. But individual and corporate numerical performance targets focus the organisation, and the individuals in the organisation, on personal, self centred, goal orientated approaches, which do little to foster the development of harmonious relationships in the organisation.Over the past 25 years management theory and practice has become more humane with a focus on people in the organisation and by an increasing focus on the importance of values, emotions and social mores. Organisations are attempting to implement the theories of modern management but appear to be unwilling to give up the controls associated with the bureaucratic organisation. Yet modern management theorists and the proponents of sustainable orga nisations are convinced that the key ingredient to organisational success is the development of trust throughout the organisation.But the fundamental premise key Webers bureaucracy and Taylors scienti? c approach to management is the assertion that the players are not to be trusted. Tasks must be prescribed and individual performance measured. Thus the basis for performance paygrade lies in the development of effective systems and processes. Rigid adherence to prescribed systems and processes will no longer guarantee success. Today the organisation must be ? exible in order to meet the needs of a apace changing environment, a discerning customer and a sceptical public.An organisation is still required to make a pro? t but society is now concerned with how those pro? ts are attained. The strategies of the robber barons, supported by the philosophy of Max Weber, are no longer acceptable. Organisations are expected to adopt an ethical and morally acceptable approach to the creation of pro? ts. In the 1980s, the TQM movement focussed on the importance of quality, yet quality was not a new concept. However, it was a characteristic that many organisations were both ignoring or failing to concentrate on.The TQM movement focussed on quality so that today it is considered a necessary but not suf? cient condition for competing. in any case the 347 A challenge to traditional management theory foresight Volume 6 Number 6 2004 338-348 Ed Weymes sustainability movement is focussing on the need for more organisations to focus on the environmental and social impacts of their organisations and strategies. The message is that organisations must pay as much attention to the environmental and social impacts of their business as they do to the economic impact.The traditional approach to management does not focus on these concepts. Successful sustainable organisations are founded on open communication and trust. Thus the basis for performance lies in the ability of the i ndividuals within and those interacting with the organisation to form meaningful relationships. Management teaching and practice must now replace the fundamental assumption of traditional management theory that the worker cannot be trusted with a focus on building and developing relationships.The organisations focus should now be based on understanding the relationships between individuals and not on the design and development of rigid and complex systems. While systems and processes are still required to support the organisation they no longer drive the organisation. A corporate vision statement or inspirational dream that encompasses the three pillars of sustainability provides a purpose for everyone in the organisation by consolidation individual dream with the dream of the organisation.Through a meaningful purpose or inspirational dream commitment, trust and integrity are built between individuals who work together in a harmonious manner. There is a commitment to exceed ones personal best and to pay attention to the detail. New ideas can emerge from anywhere. The organisation creates its own future. numeric measures are still required to provide information on how the organisation is performing and to provide staff with information that can be used for improvements and innovations but these KPIs should not be used to discipline individuals.The concept of sustainability has focussed attention on the need for all organisations to demonstrate a commitment to the environment and society as well as their own economic wellbeing. Yet the concept of sustainability is still considered to be a fringe movement in the corporate community. However, the selection of the movement is immaterial because all organisations have recognised that that the key competitive advantage lies in the creation of new knowledge. New knowledge cannot be created in an environment constrained by systems and processes and where there is a fear of failure.Knowledge can only be created in an environment where individuals are committed to the organisation and a high level of trust and integrity pervades the organisation. The concept of sustainability or corporate social responsibility provides a framework for the establishment of such an environment. 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